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E-raamat: Energy from the Desert 4: Very Large Scale PV Power -State of the Art and Into The Future

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Edited by (Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc, Japan), Edited by (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel), Edited by (Free Energy Consulting, the Netherlands), Edited by (Hélios Energie, France), Edited by (Reiner Lemoine Institut, Germany), Edited by (LSPV Consulting, Germany)
  • Formaat: 239 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Nov-2014
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781136173479
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Energy from the Desert 4: Very Large Scale PV Power -State of the Art and Into The FutureSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 239 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Nov-2014
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781136173479
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"This 4th volume in the established Energy From The Desert series examines and evaluates the potential and feasibility of Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Power Generation (VLS-PV) systems, which have capacities ranging from several megawatts to gigawatts, and to develop practical project proposals toward implementing the VLS-PV systems in the future. Comprehensively analysing all major issues involved in such large scale applications, based on the latest scientific and technological developments and by means of close international co-operation with experts from different countries. From the perspective of the global energy situation, global warming, and other environmental issues, it is apparent that VLS-PV systems can: contribute substantially to global energy needs; become economically and technologically feasible soon; contribute significantly to the global environment protection; contribute significantly to socio-economic development. Energy policies around the world are gradually changing direction tofocus less on nuclear energy with the expectation to turn to denuclearization entirely with the negative impacts of nuclear energy, while in parallel the importance of and expectations for renewable energy technologies are increasing drastically as possible energy infrastructure, as well as environmental friendly technology. This book recognises that very large scale solar electricity generation provides economic, social and environmental benefits, security of electricity supply and fair access to affordable and sustainable energy solutions and that VLS-PV systems must be one of the promising options for large-scale deployment of PV systems and renewable energy technologies"--

The fourth volume in the established Energy from the Desert series examines and evaluates the potential and feasibility of Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Power Generation (VLS-PV) systems, which have capacities ranging from several megawatts to gigawatts, and to develop practical project proposals toward implementing the VLS-PV systems in the future.

It comprehensively analyses all major issues involved in such large scale applications, based on the latest scientific and technological developments by means of close international co-operation with experts from different countries.

From the perspective of the global energy situation, global warming, and other environmental issues, it is apparent that VLS-PV systems can:

  • contribute substantially to global energy needs

  • become economically and technologically feasible soon

  • contribute significantly to global environmental protection

  • contribute significantly to socio-economic development.

This book recognises that very large scale solar electricity generation provides economic, social and environmental benefits, security of electricity supply and fair access to affordable and sustainable energy solutions and that VLS-PV systems must be one of the promising options for large-scale deployment of PV systems and renewable energy technologies.

Foreword ix
Preface x
Task 8 Participants xi
List of Contributors
xii
About the Editors xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
Executive summary 1(24)
A.1 Introduction and overview: Potential of VLS-PV
1(5)
Objectives
1(1)
Proposed scenarios for solar and renewable energy
2(1)
Global potential of solar energy resource
3(1)
PV market potential for 2020
4(1)
Trends in large-scale PV systems
4(1)
Comprehensive comparison between solar-powered VLS technologies
5(1)
Environmental aspects of VLS-PV
6(1)
A.2 Engineering and financial guidelines for VLS-PV systems
6(2)
Technical and engineering guidelines
6
Financial guidelines
1(7)
A.3 VLS-PV technical options and applications
8(3)
Grid matching issues
8(1)
VLS-PV intermittence and stationary storage
9(1)
Renewable power methane
10(1)
A.4 VLS-PV case studies
11(3)
VLS-PV in West Africa
11(2)
VLS-PV in Israel
13(1)
A.5 Possible scenario and strategy for VLS-PV
14(5)
Expected roles of international cooperation
14(1)
Possible contribution of VLS-PV to sustainability
14(2)
Strategies for solar power plants in desert regions
16(1)
Strategic Niche Management (SNM)
17(1)
New studies of business models
18(1)
A.6 Conclusions
19(6)
Understandings
19(1)
Projection for the future
19(1)
Socio-economic and environmental benefits
20(1)
Engineering and financing approach
20(1)
Technical potential
20(1)
International collaboration
21(1)
Strategic niche management, social acceptance, and business models
21(1)
Next step and strategy of Task8 activity
21(4)
PART I INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW POTENTIAL OF VLS-PV
25(82)
1 Introduction
27(5)
1.1 Objectives
27(1)
1.2 Concept of a VLS-PV system
28(2)
1.2.1 Concept and definition
28(1)
1.2.2 A synthesized scenario for network evolution
28(1)
1.2.3 A step-by-step approach for VLS-PV development
29(1)
1.3 Potential benefits of VLS-PV
30(2)
2 PV and other renewable energy issues
32(14)
2.1 Proposed scenarios and visions
32(5)
2.1.1 Review of latest global energy scenarios and visions
32(3)
2.1.2 Comparison of PV power generation among scenarios
35(1)
2.1.3 Historical changes in energy policies/scenarios and the role of PV
36(1)
2.1.4 National and regional targets of renewable energy and PV in power supply
36(1)
2.1.5 Summary and conclusion
36(1)
2.2 Proposed schemes and concepts
37(9)
2.2.1 Desertec Industrial Initiative
37(3)
2.2.2 Mediterranean Solar Plan and relative initiatives for renewable energy in the Mediterranean
40(2)
2.2.3 Asia Solar Energy Initiative
42(4)
3 Global potential of solar energy
46(20)
3.1 Solar resources
46(5)
3.1.1 Global horizontal irradiation as basis for all solar resources
46(1)
3.1.2 Overview of solar system concepts
46(1)
3.1.3 Fixed optimally tilted systems
47(1)
3.1.4 1-axis horizontal north-south continuous tracking system
48(1)
3.1.5 2-axes non-concentrating continuous tracking system: global normal irradiation
49(1)
3.1.6 2-axes concentrating continuous tracking system: direct normal irradiation
50(1)
3.2 Economic market potential of solar PV
51(15)
3.2.1 Overview of PV scenarios
51(2)
3.2.2 Major PV diffusion phases - consequence of high growth rates and learning rates
53(2)
3.2.3 Grid-parity of PV systems
55(2)
3.2.4 Fuel-parity of PV power plants
57(3)
3.2.5 Rural off-grid market potential of PV systems
60(1)
3.2.6 Total sustainable economic PV market potential
61(1)
3.2.1 Discussion of the economic PV market potential and expectations by PV scenarios
62(4)
4 Overview of large-scale solar power generation
66(22)
4.1 Current status of large-scale solar power generation
66(13)
4.1.1 Trends in large-scale PV systems
66(5)
4.1.2 Current status of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV)
71(3)
4.1.3 Current status of concentrated solar power (CSP)
74(5)
4.2 A comprehensive comparison between solar-powered VLS renewable energy technologies
79(9)
4.2.1 Introduction
79(1)
4.2.2 CSP
79(2)
4.2.3 PV
81(2)
4.2.4 CPV
83(1)
4.2.5 Discussion
83(3)
4.2.6 Conclusions
86(2)
5 Environmental aspects of VLS-PV
88(19)
5.1 Introduction
88(1)
5.2 Environmental issues
88(1)
5.3 LCA for VLS-PV
89(1)
5.3 A Scheme of VLS-PVs LCA
90(5)
5.3.2 LCA guidelines for PV systems
91(1)
5.3.3 Collection of LCA data
92(1)
5.3.4 LCA calculations from example papers
92(3)
5.4 Life-cycle analysis of various kinds of VLS-PV systems for the desert
95(5)
5.4.1 Assumptions
95(1)
5.4.2 Results and sensitivity analysis
96(4)
5.4.3 Conclusions
100(1)
5.5 Ecological footprint of the PV system with agriculture
100(4)
5.5.1 Introduction
100(1)
5.5.2 Method
101(1)
5.5.3 Case study 1: PV and greening
102(1)
5.5.4 Case study 2: PV and sustainable agriculture
103(1)
5.5.5 Conclusions
104(1)
5.6 Summary
104(3)
PART II ENGINEERING AND FINANCIAL GUIDELINES FOR VLS-PV SYSTEMS
107(34)
6 Technical engineering guidelines for VLS-PV
109(24)
6.1 Introduction
109(1)
6.2 Transition of utility power supply to sustainable solutions
109(1)
6.3 Cost of VLS-PV electricity
110(1)
6.4 Convincing advantages of VLS-PV
110(1)
6.5 A practical approach
111(1)
6.5.1 Project development and evaluation of integration
111(1)
6.5.2 Possible follow-up procedure in direction of implementation
111(1)
6.6 Overall design approach
112(1)
6.7 Rough design
112(1)
6.8 Final design
112(3)
6.8.1 Quality assurance strategy and planning
112(1)
6.8.2 Site information
113(1)
6.8.3 Technical feasibility of grid-integration
114(1)
6.9 Final design and planning
115(4)
6.9.1 Engineering know-how
115(1)
6.9.2 Expectations of investors
115(1)
6.9.3 System architecture of a VLS-PV
115(3)
6.9.4 Protection systems
118(1)
6.9.5 Safety concepts
119(1)
6.9.6 Auxiliary service power demand
119(1)
6.10 Selection of key components
119(2)
6.10.1 Key mechanical components
119(2)
6.11 Field layout
121(1)
6.12 Key electrical and electronic components
121(1)
6.13 PV modules
122(3)
6.13.1 Technology overview
122(1)
6.13.2 Crystalline or wafer-based technology (c-Si)
122(1)
6.13.3 Thin film technologies
123(1)
6.13.4 Hetero-junction
124(1)
6.13.5 Valid international PV module standards
124(1)
6.13.6 Warranties and guaranties
124(1)
6.14 PV inverters
125(1)
6.15 Field connection boxes
126(1)
6.16 Monitoring system and performance ratio
127(2)
6.16.1 Monitoring system
127(1)
6.16.2 Classification of failure modes
128(1)
6.16.3 Performance ratio
128(1)
6.17 Meteorological station
129(1)
6.18 DC losses and DC/AC cabling
129(1)
6.18.1 DC losses
129(1)
6.18.2 AC cabling
129(1)
6.19 Transformers
130(1)
6.20 Yield assessment study / report
130(1)
6.21 MV connection point
130(1)
6.22 Technical documentation and design-related standards
131(1)
6.22.1 Technical documentation
131(1)
6.22.2 Design-related specific standards
131(1)
6.23 End of technical lifetime
131(1)
6.24 Conclusions
132(1)
7 Financial guidelines for VLS-PV
133(8)
7.1 Introduction
133(1)
7.2 Elaboration of the project
133(1)
7.3 Assessment of the legal and tax environment
134(3)
7.3.1 The legal and tax study
134(1)
7.3.2 Two main project structures: BOOT us public transaction
135(1)
7.3.3 The guarantee package
136(1)
7.4 Elaboration of the development budget
137(1)
7.5 Identification of the financial partners
137(1)
7.5.1 Role of the financial partners
137(1)
7.5.2 Choosing the lead investor
137(1)
7.5.3 Selecting the banks
137(1)
7.6 Calculation of the sale electricity price and electricity cost of production
138(1)
7.6.1 The cost approach
138(1)
7.6.2 The value approach
138(1)
7.6.3 How to reconcile the cost and value approaches
139(1)
7.7 Conclusion: The long way to reach the financial closing
139(2)
PART III VLS-PV TECHNICAL OPTIONS AND APPLICATIONS
141(34)
8 Grid matching issues
143(7)
8.1 Introduction
143(1)
8.2 The Israel electricity grid in 2006
144(1)
8.3 Grid flexibility
144(1)
8.4 A no-dump VLS-PV plant
144(1)
8.5 Energy dumping
144(1)
8.6 Variations in technology type
145(1)
8.7 Geographical distribution
145(2)
8.8 Combining VLS-PV with WECS
147(1)
8.9 Storage
147(2)
8.10 Conclusions
149(1)
9 VLS-PV intermittence and stationary storage for VLS-PV
150(11)
9.1 VLS-PV systems power output intermittence and prediction
150(3)
9.1.1 Definition
150(1)
9.1.2 Planning
150(1)
9.1.3 Forecasting and nowcasting
151(2)
9.1.4 Conclusion
153(1)
9.2 Stationary storage
153(8)
9.2.1 Introduction
153(1)
9.2.2 Brief storage overview
154(2)
9.2.3 Cost comparison between RFB, NaS, Li-ion and VRLA
156(2)
9.2.4 Storage for VLS-PV systems
158(3)
10 PV and wind-based renewable power methane
161(14)
10.1 Renewable power methane storage
161(2)
10.2 Solar and wind resource availability
163(1)
10.3 Economics of system components
164(3)
10.4 Hybrid PV-wind-RPM power plant economics
167(2)
10.5 Global power supply potential
169(6)
References
172(3)
PART IV VLS-PV CASE STUDIES
175(14)
11 VLS-PV case studies
177(12)
11.1 VLS-PV in West Africa: a possible roadmap
177(6)
11.1.1 Introduction
177(1)
11.1.2 The energy situation in West Africa
177(2)
11.1.3 The use of photovoltaic in West Africa
179(1)
11.1.4 Implementation strategy
180(1)
11.1.5 Example of Benin
181(2)
11.2 VLS-PV for Israel: a microcosm of a solution for a global problem
183(6)
11.2.1 Introduction
183(1)
11.2.2 An economic barrier
184(1)
11.2.3 The public good vs. investment
185(1)
11.2.4 An electricity consumption tax (ECT)
185(1)
11.2.5 Discussion
185(1)
11.2.6 Applicability elsewhere
186(1)
11.2.7 Conclusions
187(2)
PART V POSSIBLE SCENARIO AND STRATEGY FOR VLS-PV
189(30)
12 Expected role of international cooperation
191(9)
12.1 Introduction
191(1)
12.2 Way forward to large scale PV deployment worldwide
191(2)
12.3 Possible actions in Asian countries - the call for international collaboration
193(3)
12.3.1 Asian Development Bank launches the Asia Solar Energy Initiative
193(1)
12.3.2 Solar mission in India
194(1)
12.3.3 China moving forward to develop PV at a large scale
194(1)
12.3.4 Call for a 1 GW photovoltaic project in Gobi desert of Mongolia
195(1)
12.4 Expected role of IRENA in promoting i nternational cooperation
196(2)
12.5 Conclusion
198(2)
13 Possible contribution of VLS-PV to sustainability
200(9)
13.1 Objective
200(1)
13.2 Methodology and base scenario analysis
200(5)
13.2.1 Model structure
200(1)
13.2.2 Driving forces
200(1)
13.2.3 Energy supply module
200(1)
13.2.4 Food production and consumption
201(1)
13.2.5 Water consumption module
202(1)
13.2.6 Land use change
203(1)
13.2.7 Greenhouse gas emissions
204(1)
13.3 Scenario analysis
205(2)
13.3.1 Countermeasures scenarios
205(1)
13.3.2 SC-1 and SC-2 scenarios in comparison with base scenario
205(1)
13.3.3 Base scenario versus SC-3 scenario
206(1)
13.4 Impacts of driving forces on the analysis
207(1)
13.5 Conclusions
207(2)
14 Implementation strategies for solar power plants in desert regions: strategic niche management, social acceptance, and business models
209(10)
14.1 Introduction
209(1)
14.2 Basics of strategic niche management
210(2)
14.3 Niche dynamics and lessons
212(3)
14.3.1 Shielding
212(1)
14.3.2 Niche nurturing
213(2)
14.4 An SNM practitioner tool: ESTEEM
215(1)
14.5 New studies of business models
215(2)
14.6 Conclusion
217(2)
PART VI CONCLUSIONS
219
15 Conclusions and recommendations
221
15.1 Understandings
221(2)
15.2 Next step and strategy of Task8 activity
223
Keiichi Komoto is a senior manager in the field of renewable energy for Mizuho Information and Research Institute, Christian Breyer, Edwin Cunow, Karim Megherbi, David Fairman, Peter van de Vleuten
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