| Authors and Contributors |
|
v | |
| Preface to the English edition |
|
vii | |
| Foreword |
|
ix | |
| Notice |
|
xi | |
| Introduction |
|
xxi | |
| Terminology |
|
xxiii | |
| PART ONE: BASIC DATA IN EYE MUSCLE SURGERY |
|
1 | (90) |
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Modeling and dynamics of the oculomotor complex |
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3 | (16) |
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3 | (3) |
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Constitutional asymmetry of the medial rectus and lateral rectus muscle pair |
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4 | (1) |
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Reciprocal oculomotor balance |
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4 | (1) |
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Conjugate ocular movements |
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5 | (1) |
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Actions of the Extraocular Muscles |
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6 | (4) |
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6 | (1) |
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Action of individual muscles |
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7 | (3) |
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10 | (1) |
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Forces at Work: A Trial Model |
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10 | (9) |
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Restrictive forces and effective forces |
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11 | (1) |
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Evaluation of passive and active forces |
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11 | (1) |
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Modeling of the oculomotor system |
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12 | (7) |
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19 | (16) |
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Effects According to the Surgical Procedure |
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19 | (10) |
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Muscle parameters and effect of surgery |
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20 | (1) |
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Effects according to the surgical procedure |
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21 | (8) |
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Effects of Surgery According to the Choice of Muscle |
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29 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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Undesirable Iatrogenic Effects of Muscle Surgery |
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32 | (3) |
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Inevitable undesirable iatrogenic effects |
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32 | (1) |
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Undesirable iatrogenic effects to be avoided |
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32 | (3) |
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Evaluation of the extraocular muscle disorder |
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35 | (28) |
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Clinical Evaluation: First Decision-Making Stage |
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35 | (7) |
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Recording Extraocular Muscle Kinesis: Kinetic Electro-Oculography (KEOG) and Photo-Oculography (POG) |
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42 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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Kinetic electro-oculography abnormalities |
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43 | (2) |
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Imaging: Echography, Scanning and Magnetic Resonance |
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45 | (6) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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45 | (6) |
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Intra-Operative Data: Second and Third Decision-Making Stages |
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51 | (12) |
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Eye position under anaesthesia |
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51 | (1) |
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The muscle stretch test (MST) |
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52 | (1) |
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Clinical method of collecting intra-operative data |
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53 | (10) |
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63 | (22) |
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Amount of Conventional Surgery on the Rectus Muscles |
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64 | (3) |
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Measuring the amount of surgery after mean surgical effectiveness |
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64 | (1) |
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Calculating the amount of surgery from formulae |
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65 | (1) |
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Effect on the angle of deviation according to the surgical distribution |
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66 | (1) |
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Validity and limits of methods of calculation |
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67 | (1) |
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Amount of Surgery on the Oblique Muscles |
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67 | (4) |
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Amount of surgery by estimation |
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67 | (1) |
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Amount of surgery by calculation |
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68 | (3) |
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Limits for Conventional Muscle Surgery |
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71 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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Small and large amounts of surgery |
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72 | (1) |
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Distance of Posterior Anchorage |
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73 | (2) |
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Distance according to the muscle to be operated |
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73 | (1) |
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Amount of muscle recession to be associated |
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74 | (1) |
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Adjustment of the Amount of Surgery |
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75 | (10) |
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Factors to take into consideration: dimensions of the eye |
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76 | (1) |
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Factors to take into consideration: intra-operative data |
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77 | (8) |
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Psychological context of strabismus surgery |
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85 | (6) |
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Parental Reaction to Strabismus |
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85 | (1) |
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Emotional Reactions of the Strabismic Child |
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86 | (1) |
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Emotional Aspects of Hospitalization of Children for Strabismus Surgery |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Reaction of the Child and Parents on the Day After Surgery |
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88 | (3) |
| PART TWO: OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES |
|
91 | (190) |
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93 | (12) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (6) |
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Aspects of manipulation and complications |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (4) |
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105 | (12) |
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105 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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Operating spectacles (loupe magnification) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Instruments Adapted for Eye-Muscle Microsurgery |
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107 | (5) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Cautery and electric scalpel |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (5) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Tissue adhesives (Tissue glue) |
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114 | (1) |
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Implants of absorbable or nonabsorbable materials |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (2) |
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Preparation of the Patient |
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117 | (1) |
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Preparation of the Operating Field |
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117 | (1) |
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Preparation of the Surgical Team |
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117 | (2) |
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Access to the extraocular muscles: incision, muscle dissection, and sutures |
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119 | (34) |
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Requirements to be Met by the Access Zone |
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119 | (1) |
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Surgical Anatomy of the Access Zone |
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119 | (4) |
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Tenon's capsule and the sclera |
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120 | (1) |
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Tenon's capsule and the rectus muscles |
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121 | (2) |
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Tenon's capsule and the oblique muscles |
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123 | (1) |
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Access to the Rectus Muscles |
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123 | (14) |
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123 | (11) |
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Two-plane peripheral incision |
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134 | (2) |
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Recession of Tenon's capsule |
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136 | (1) |
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Access to the Oblique Muscles |
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137 | (10) |
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138 | (1) |
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Access to the inferior oblique |
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139 | (6) |
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Access to the superior oblique |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (4) |
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After the surgical procedure |
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149 | (1) |
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The day after surgery and immediate follow-up |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (4) |
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153 | (66) |
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Surgical Anatomy of the Rectus Muscles |
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153 | (3) |
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Muscle Weakening Techniques |
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156 | (15) |
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Muscle recession with scleral reattachment (Jameson procedure) |
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157 | (7) |
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Muscle recession with a loop or controlled tenotomy |
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164 | (4) |
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Muscle and Tenon's capsule recession |
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168 | (1) |
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Other muscle weakening techniques |
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168 | (3) |
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Muscle Strengthening Techniques |
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171 | (7) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
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Muscle resection with advancement |
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177 | (1) |
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Other muscle strengthening techniques |
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177 | (1) |
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Adjustable Surgery: Adjustable Sutures |
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178 | (7) |
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178 | (3) |
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Adjustable resection or plication |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (3) |
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The conjunctiva in adjustable surgery |
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184 | (1) |
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The role of adjustable surgery |
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184 | (1) |
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Shifting of Muscle Insertions and ``Slanted'' Weakening or Strengthening Procedures |
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185 | (4) |
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Vertical shifting of horizontal recti to correct hyper or hypotropia |
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185 | (1) |
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Vertical shifting of horizontal recti to correct A and V patterns (Costenbader-Knapp procedure, 1959) |
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185 | (1) |
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Horizontal shifting of vertical recti to correct A and V patterns (Procedure according to Fink, 1959, Miller, 1960) |
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186 | (1) |
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``Slanted'' weakening or strengthening procedures to correct A and V patterns |
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187 | (2) |
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The So-Called ``Fadenoperation'' or Posterior Anchorage Procedure |
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189 | (12) |
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190 | (1) |
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Posterior anchorage techniques |
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190 | (4) |
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Posterior anchorage: features depending on which muscle is operated |
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194 | (5) |
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Posterior anchorage combined with conventional surgery |
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199 | (1) |
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Comments on posterior anchorage |
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200 | (1) |
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Incidents with and complications of posterior anchorage |
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201 | (1) |
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Contraindications for posterior anchorage |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (7) |
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Part-muscle transposition techniques |
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202 | (2) |
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Whole-muscle transposition techniques |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Single muscle transposition |
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205 | (2) |
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Transposition of two neighbouring recti muscles: Kaufmann's strap operation |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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208 | (1) |
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Very large recessions and resections |
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208 | (1) |
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Traction sutures (Anchoring sutures) |
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208 | (1) |
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Interposition of absorbable or nonabsorbable materials |
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209 | (1) |
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Intramuscular Injection of Botulinum Toxin (Technical Aspects) |
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210 | (9) |
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Preparation of botulinum toxin A |
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210 | (1) |
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Intramuscular injection technique |
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210 | (1) |
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Side effects and complications |
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211 | (8) |
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219 | (24) |
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Surgical Anatomy of the Oblique Muscles |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (8) |
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220 | (7) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (9) |
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Temporal approach in surgery on the reflected tendon |
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229 | (3) |
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Nasal approach in surgery on the reflected tendon |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (3) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Combined Superior/Inferior Oblique Surgery |
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237 | (6) |
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Repeat surgery (technical aspects) |
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243 | (8) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Reopening the conjunctiva and Tenon's |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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Conjunctiva and Tenon's sutures |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (5) |
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244 | (1) |
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Conjunctiva and Tenon's incision |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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Position of the eyes under anaesthesia (EPA) and the muscle stretch test (MST) |
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247 | (1) |
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Repeat surgery: the procedure itself |
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247 | (1) |
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Suturing the conjunctiva and Tenon's |
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248 | (1) |
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Disfiguring Conjunctiva and Tenon's Scar Tissue |
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249 | (2) |
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Use of the microscope in extraocular muscle surgery |
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251 | (14) |
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Surgical Accuracy for More Precision in the Amount of Surgery |
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251 | (3) |
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Using the original insertion as reference point |
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252 | (1) |
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Minimizing scleral variations |
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252 | (1) |
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Minimizing muscle variations |
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252 | (1) |
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Minimizing variations and perfecting the amount of surgery when typing the suture knots |
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253 | (1) |
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Sparing of Blood Vessels in Extraocular Muscle Surgery |
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254 | (11) |
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254 | (4) |
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258 | (7) |
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Incidents and complications related to surgical techniques |
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265 | (16) |
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Intraoperative Incidents and Complications |
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265 | (4) |
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265 | (1) |
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Incidents and complications involving the muscles |
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266 | (1) |
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Scleral notches and perforations |
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267 | (1) |
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Other incidents and complications |
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268 | (1) |
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Post-Operative Complications |
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269 | (12) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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Conjunctival and Tenon's complications |
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272 | (2) |
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Muscle and aponeurotic complications |
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274 | (3) |
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277 | (4) |
| PART THREE: SURGICAL STRATEGY |
|
281 | (108) |
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283 | (42) |
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283 | (11) |
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283 | (2) |
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The angle of deviation: a question of terminology |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (6) |
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Strabismus with Anomalous Binocularity |
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294 | (6) |
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294 | (5) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Secondary (sensory) strabismus |
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300 | (1) |
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Normo-Sensorial Strabismus |
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300 | (11) |
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Normo-sensorial esotropia |
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301 | (3) |
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Normo-sensorial exotropia |
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304 | (4) |
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308 | (3) |
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311 | (3) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (2) |
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Cosmetic Criteria in Strabismus Surgery |
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314 | (4) |
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Cosmetic and functional objectives |
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315 | (1) |
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Criteria for judging the surgical result |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (7) |
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Cure, good or satisfactory result |
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318 | (1) |
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Insufficient result or failure |
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319 | (6) |
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325 | (12) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Presurgical prism adaptation |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (8) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (7) |
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Manifest-Latent Nystagmus |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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Mixed Forms of Manifest Nystagmus |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (18) |
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337 | (6) |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (2) |
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Strabismus with Single-Muscle Palsy |
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343 | (5) |
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343 | (1) |
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Single muscle involvement in a third nerve palsy |
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343 | (3) |
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346 | (2) |
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Strabismus with Multiple Muscle Involvement |
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348 | (1) |
|
Homonymous two-muscle involvement |
|
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348 | (1) |
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Unilateral involvement of two antagonist muscles |
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349 | (1) |
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Unilateral involvement of two adjacent muscles |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Unilateral involvement of more than two muscles |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Supranuclear Palsies with Strabismus |
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349 | (6) |
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349 | (1) |
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Prenuclear and supranuclear palsies |
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350 | (5) |
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Restrictive, neuro-myogenic and myogenic disorders |
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355 | (34) |
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Impediment to Eye Movement |
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355 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (7) |
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Stilling-Duane's retraction syndrome |
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357 | (4) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (11) |
|
Oculomotor disorders in endocrine orbitopathy |
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364 | (8) |
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372 | (1) |
|
Oculomotor disorders in high myopia |
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373 | (2) |
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375 | (2) |
|
Iatrogenic deviations following strabismus surgery |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Iatrogenic deviations following retinal detachment surgery |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Iatrogenic deviations with other causes |
|
|
377 | (1) |
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377 | (2) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
|
Oculomotor Disorders Due to Orbital Trauma |
|
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379 | (10) |
|
Oculomotor disorder according to the type of fracture |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
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381 | (8) |
| By way of a conclusion |
|
389 | (2) |
| Subject index |
|
391 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta