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E-raamat: Food Waste Recovery: Processing Technologies and Industrial Techniques

Edited by (Galanakis Laboratories, Chania, Greece)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Jul-2015
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128004197
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Jul-2015
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128004197

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Food Waste Recovery: Processing Technologies and Industrial Techniques acts as a guide to recover valuable components of food by-products and recycle them inside the food chain, in an economic and sustainable way. The book investigates all the relevant recovery issues and compares different techniques to help you advance your research and develop new applications. Strong coverage of the different technologies is included, while keeping a balance between the characteristics of current conventional and emerging technologies. This is an essential reference for research outcomes.

  • Presents a holistic methodology (the so-called "5-Stages Universal Recovery Process") and a general approach (the so-called "Universal Recovery Strategy") to ensure optimized management of the available technologies and recapture of different high added-value compounds from any waste source
  • Includes characteristics, safety and cost issues of conventional and emerging technologies, the benefits of their application in industry, and commercialized applications of real market products
  • Demonstrates all aspects of the recovery process such as preservation of the substrate, yield optimization, preservation of functionality of the target compounds during processing, and more

Arvustused

"This is a must-have book and should be used in every food science curriculum. This book would also be an excellent reference book for companies in the food industry or even the food value chain, from primary production through to the retail sector." --FST

"The information provided in Food Waste Recovery is very well organized and offers a comprehensive access to the information scattered in many technical and scientific publications. The books makes easy to find the potential of a specific waste or how to recover a molecule of economic interest with different technologies. One of the most innovative and interesting parts of the book is dedicated to emerging technologies such as radio-frequency drying, electroosmotic drying, the use of low temperature plasma, high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasounds, pulsed electrical fields or magnetic fields and the applications and implementations in different food sectors beyond the applications at laboratory or pilot stages. Definitely, the book is a "must have" for all those working with food waste recovery." --Aintzane Esturo, Technical Manager, SGF International e.V., Germany

"There is no doubt that with rising populations, food wastage is of ever growing significance. We are now at a point that it is no longer sufficient to simply reduce the amount of industrial or supply chain waste, whether agricultural or processing by-product, but to eliminate it. To achieve such targets, the inherent value; nutritional or functional, must be recovered from any waste stream. This requires a deep knowledge of the potential of such waste material, which in turn can drive the innovation process to realise that value. Food Waste Recovery edited by Dr. Charis Galankis provides the detailed insight needed to address these challenges head on. With detailed reviews of food wastage sources, potential value of waste streams and the traditional, innovative and emerging extraction and recovery technology, this book achieves the editors vision of producing an essential reference tool for food and drink professionals tackling the increasingly important issue of food waste." --Steve Osborn B.Sc. (hons), M.Phil., C.SCI., FIFST, Principal consultant - Food and Beverage, The Aurora Ceres Partnership Ltd.

"This book successfully captures the current outlook with regard to food waste valorisation, compiling the collaborative contributions of academic institutions and commercial organisations. Encompassing a breadth of separation and extraction technologies, both conventional and emerging, the book provides rich insight into the techniques which could either be employed in isolation or regarded as building blocks in a comprehensive biorefinery. Food Waste Recovery represents a much-needed toolkit, increasing the prospect of recovering high added-value compounds from organic byproducts. Moreover, it serves as a bridge between academia and industry, a vital handbook for anyone wanting to develop a food waste recovery application. Crucially, the book places priority on the ethical responsibility to maximise the efficient recovery of bioresources against the backdrop of ever-increasing pressure on natural resources due to climate change and rising populations. Thus, food waste valorisation is presented not simply as a commercial teaser; rather it is regarded as a vital activity as part of a coordinated strategy to ensure a sustainable food supply. Fundamentally, Dr. Galanakis has succeeded in drawing together accounts of the key technologies which will form the basis of any future biorefinery and this compilation marks a milestone in the journey towards that destination." --Andrew Gadd, Link2Energy, Industrial Symbiosis Services Medium

Muu info

A guide for scientists and researchers to develop a strategy for the recapture of valuable compounds during food waste recovery
List of Contributors
xv
Preface xix
SECTION I INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Food Waste Management, Valorization, and Sustainability in the Food Industry
3(22)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Definitions of "Food Waste" and "Food Loss"
4(1)
1.3 Quantities of Lost and Wasted Food and Impact on Food and Nutrition Security
5
1.4 Prospects
6(1)
1.5 Origin of Food Waste and Food Loss
7(3)
1.5.1 Distribution in the Different Production Stages
7(1)
1.5.2 Distribution in Transition and Industrialized Countries
8(2)
1.6 Management and Valorization Strategies
10(2)
1.6.1 Policy in the European Union
10(2)
1.6.2 Policy in the United States
12(1)
1.7 Treatment of Food Waste
12(3)
1.7.1 Valorization as Animal Feed
12(1)
1.7.2 Landfilling
13(1)
1.7.3 Biofuel Conversion Methods
14(1)
1.7.4 Composting and Vermicomposting
14(1)
1.7.5 Recovery and Valorization
14(1)
1.8 How Food Waste Recovery Improves Sustainability of Food Systems
15(10)
1.8.1 Economic Sustainability Improvements
17(1)
1.8.2 Social and Environmental Sustainability Improvements
18(7)
Chapter 2 Classification and Target Compounds
25(34)
2.1 Introduction
25(1)
2.2 Cereals
26(3)
2.2.1 Wheat Straw
26(1)
2.2.2 Wheat Mill Fractions
27(1)
2.2.3 Rice Mill Fractions
27(1)
2.2.4 Oat Mill Fractions
28(1)
2.2.5 Barley Mill Fractions
28(1)
2.2.6 Barley Malt
28(1)
2.3 Root and Tubers
29(2)
2.3.1 Potato Processing Waste
29(1)
2.3.2 Cassava Processing Waste
30(1)
2.3.3 Sweet Potato Waste
31(1)
2.4 Oilcrops and Pulses
31(3)
2.4.1 Pulses Processing Waste
31(2)
2.4.2 Oilseed Processing Waste
33(1)
2.4.3 Recovery of Pulses and Oilseed By-Products for Nonfood Application
34(1)
2.5 Fruit and Vegetables
34(3)
2.6 Meat Products
37(3)
2.6.1 Fifth Quarter
37(1)
2.6.2 Higher Value Products from Meat Processing Sources
38(2)
2.7 Fisheries By-Products
40(2)
2.7.1 Applications
41(1)
2.8 Dairy Products
42(17)
2.8.1 Dairy Processing Waste
42(1)
2.8.2 Whey as the Most Abundant Dairy By-Product
43(1)
2.8.3 Direct Utilization of Whey
43(1)
2.8.4 Indirect Utilization of Whey
44(15)
Chapter 3 The Universal Recovery Strategy
59(26)
3.1 Introduction
59(2)
3.2 Characteristics of Target Compounds
61(6)
3.2.1 Calculations
61(1)
3.2.2 Structural Characteristics of Target Macromolecules
62(2)
3.2.3 Structural Characteristics of Target Micromolecules
64(3)
3.3 Substrate Macro- and Microstructure
67(1)
3.4 Selection of the Appropriate Solvent
68(3)
3.4.1 Compound Solubility in Different Solvents
68(2)
3.4.2 Thermodynamic Prediction for the Preference of Target Compounds in Different Solvents
70(1)
3.5 Selection of the Recovery Stages
71(2)
3.6 Selection of the Appropriate Technologies
73(12)
3.6.1 Preparation of the Material
73(1)
3.6.2 Removal of Macromolecules
73(1)
3.6.3 Dissociation of Molecular Clusters and Complexes
74(1)
3.6.4 Removal of Co-Extracted Impurities
75(1)
3.6.5 Obtainment of the Final Product
76(9)
SECTION II CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES
Chapter 4 Conventional Macroscopic Pretreatment
85(20)
4.1 Introduction
85(1)
4.2 Size Reduction of Solids
85(2)
4.2.1 Size Reduction Principles
85(1)
4.2.2 Equipment for Size Reduction of Solids
86(1)
4.2.3 Wet Milling Applications
86(1)
4.3 Thermal and Vacuum Concentration
87(4)
4.3.1 General
87(1)
4.3.2 Evaporation
88(2)
4.3.3 Evaporation of Heat-Sensitive Liquids
90(1)
4.3.4 Steam Economy
90(1)
4.3.5 Application of Evaporation
91(1)
4.4 Mechanical Separation (Centrifugation/Mechanical Expression)
91(3)
4.4.1 Centrifugation
91(1)
4.4.2 Mechanical Expression
92(2)
4.5 Freeze Drying
94(2)
4.5.1 Freeze Drying Principles and Equipment
94(1)
4.5.2 Freeze Drying Applications
95(1)
4.6 Microfiltration
96(9)
4.6.1 Membrane Separation Principles
96(2)
4.6.2 Microfiltration Applications
98(7)
Chapter 5 Conventional Macro- and Micromolecules Separation
105(22)
5.1 Introduction
105(1)
5.2 Ethanol Precipitation
105(2)
5.2.1 General
105(1)
5.2.2 Precipitation of Dietary Fibers from Fruit Wastes
106(1)
5.2.3 Purification of Pharmaceuticals from Marine Biomass
106(1)
5.2.4 Purification of Bromelain from Pineapple Waste
107(1)
5.3 Ultrafiltration
107(4)
5.3.1 General
107(3)
5.3.2 Application in the Dairy Industry
110(1)
5.3.3 Application in the Fishery Industry
110(1)
5.3.4 Application in the Poultry Industry
110(1)
5.3.5 Application in the Agricultural Industry
110(1)
5.3.6 Application in Wineries
111(1)
5.4 Isoelectric Solubilization/Precipitation
111(6)
5.4.1 General
111(2)
5.4.2 Recovery of Proteins at the Laboratory Scale
113(1)
5.4.3 Recovery of Proteins at the Pilot Scale
113(4)
5.5 Extrusion
117(3)
5.5.1 General
117(1)
5.5.2 Extrusion-Cooking Technique
117(1)
5.5.3 Effect of Extrusion Processing Factors on Target Compounds
117(2)
5.5.4 Recovery of Macromolecules
119(1)
5.6 Conclusions
120(7)
Chapter 6 Conventional Extraction
127(22)
6.1 Introduction
127(1)
6.2 Solvent Extraction
128(2)
6.2.1 Description of the Technology
128(1)
6.2.2 Applications
129(1)
6.2.3 Safety Concerns and Local Regulations
130(1)
6.3 Acid, Alkali, and Enzyme Extraction
130(2)
6.3.1 Anthocyanins
130(1)
6.3.2 Dietary Fibers
131(1)
6.3.3 Ferulic Acid
132(1)
6.3.4 Proteins
132(1)
6.4 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
132(4)
6.4.1 Description of the Technology
132(1)
6.4.2 Applications and Further Developments
133(3)
6.5 Steam Distillation and Hydrodistillation
136(3)
6.5.1 Description of the Technology
136(2)
6.5.2 Applications
138(1)
6.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
139(1)
6.6.1 Description of the Technology
139(1)
6.6.2 Advantages and Applications
139(1)
6.7 Scale-Up and Economic Issues
140(4)
6.8 Future Perspectives
144(5)
Chapter 7 Conventional Purification and Isolation
149(24)
7.1 Introduction
149(1)
7.2 Adsorption
149(5)
7.2.1 Adsorption Equilibria
150(1)
7.2.2 Fixed-Bed Adsorption: Process Description and Design Procedure
150(3)
7.2.3 Selective Adsorption by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
153(1)
7.2.4 A Case Study of Food Waste Recovery by Adsorption
153(1)
7.3 Chromatography
154(5)
7.3.1 Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) or Gel-Filtration Chromatography (GFC)
154(1)
7.3.2 Ion-Exchange Chromatography (IEC)
154(1)
7.3.3 Affinity Chromatography (AC)
155(1)
7.3.4 Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC), Reversed-Phase Chromatography (RPC), and Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC)
155(1)
7.3.5 Applications
156(3)
7.4 Nanofiltration
159(5)
7.4.1 Applications
159(1)
7.4.2 Concentration/Purification of Antioxidants
160(1)
7.4.3 Lactic Acid from Cheese Whey
160(1)
7.4.4 Biopeptides Fractionation
160(4)
7.5 Electrodialysis
164(9)
7.5.1 Industrial Applications: Whey Demineralization
165(1)
7.5.2 Industrial Applications: Lactic Acid Recovery
166(7)
Chapter 8 Conventional Product Formation
173(24)
8.1 Introduction
173(1)
8.2 Technological Functionality and Quality Properties of Food Waste Components
174(3)
8.3 Product Design by Emulsification
177(8)
8.3.1 General Aspects of Emulsions
177(1)
8.3.2 Use of Waste Components as Emulsifiers
178(2)
8.3.3 Use of Lipids Recovered from Food Waste and By-Products
180(4)
8.3.4 Design and Development of Emulsified Food Ingredients Using Waste Components
184(1)
8.4 Product Design by Microencapsulation
185(12)
8.4.1 General Aspects of Microencapsulation
185(1)
8.4.2 Microencapsulation by Spray Drying
186(1)
8.4.3 Use of Waste Components as Coatings
187(1)
8.4.4 Applications
188(9)
SECTION III EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Chapter 9 Emerging Macroscopic Pretreatment
197(30)
9.1 Introduction
197(1)
9.2 Foam-Mat Drying
198(4)
9.2.1 Foaming Agents
199(1)
9.2.2 Foam Stability
200(1)
9.2.3 Drying Kinetics: Rates
200(1)
9.2.4 Drying Kinetics: Effective Diffusivity
201(1)
9.2.5 Product Quality
201(1)
9.3 Radio-Frequency Drying
202(5)
9.3.1 Principles of Drying of Biomaterials and Radio-Frequency Application
203(2)
9.3.2 Radio-Frequency Applications in Drying of Biomaterials
205(1)
9.3.3 Energy Considerations
206(1)
9.4 Electro-Osmotic Drying
207(4)
9.4.1 Principle of EOD of Semi-Solid Material
207(2)
9.4.2 Practical and Industrial Aspects of Operating EOD and its Problems
209(1)
9.4.3 Estimation of Electric Power Applications and Materials Suitable for EOD
210(1)
9.5 Low-Temperature Plasma
211(4)
9.5.1 Plasma Science and Technology
212(1)
9.5.2 Cold Plasma for Decontamination and Sterilization
212(3)
9.5.3 Enzyme Inactivation
215(1)
9.5.4 Odor Control
215(1)
9.6 High Hydrostatic Pressure
215(3)
9.7 Conclusions
218(9)
Chapter 10 Emerging Macro- and Micromolecules Separation
227(22)
10.1 Introduction
227(1)
10.2 Colloidal Gas Aphrons (CGA)
227(10)
10.2.1 General
227(1)
10.2.2 Structure of CGA
228(1)
10.2.3 Characteristics of CGA
229(1)
10.2.4 Generation of CGA
230(2)
10.2.5 CGA-Based Separation Processes
232(2)
10.2.6 Separation of Proteins by CGA
234(1)
10.2.7 Application of CGA to the Recovery of Polyphenols from Wine-Making Waste
235(1)
10.2.8 General Remarks
236(1)
10.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Crystallization
237(3)
10.3.1 Introduction
237(1)
10.3.2 Sonocrystallization of Lactose from Whey
238(1)
10.3.3 Sonocrystallization of Amino Acids
239(1)
10.3.4 Scale-Up Aspects
240(1)
10.4 Pressurized Microwave Extraction
240(9)
10.4.1 Introduction
240(1)
10.4.2 Applications, Safety, and Environmental Impact
241(8)
Chapter 11 Emerging Extraction
249(24)
11.1 Introduction
249(1)
11.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
249(2)
11.2.1 Mechanism and Principles
249(1)
11.2.2 Applications
250(1)
11.3 Laser Ablation
251(3)
11.3.1 Theoretical Rationale
251(2)
11.3.2 Practical Applications
253(1)
11.3.3 Extraction of Useful Substances from Waste Products in Food Technologies
253(1)
11.4 Pulsed Electric Field (PEF)
254(3)
11.4.1 Basic Principles and Technical Aspects
254(1)
11.4.2 Effect of PEF on the Recovery of High Value Components from Food
255(1)
11.4.3 Effect of PEF on the Recovery of High Value Components from Food Waste
256(1)
11.4.4 Advantages and Industrial Feasibility
256(1)
11.5 High Voltage Electrical Discharge
257(2)
11.5.1 Basic Principles and Technical Aspects
257(1)
11.5.2 HVED-Assisted Recovery of High Added-Value Compounds from Plant Materials, Food Wastes, and By-Products
258(1)
11.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of HVED-Assisted Extraction
259(1)
11.6 Emerging Membrane Extraction
259(14)
11.6.1 Membrane Pervaporation and Vapor Permeation
259(4)
11.6.2 Membrane Contactors
263(10)
Chapter 12 Emerging Purification and Isolation
273(20)
12.1 Introduction
273(1)
12.2 Magnetic Fishing
273(4)
12.2.1 Characteristics
273(3)
12.2.2 Applications
276(1)
12.3 Aqueous Two-Phase System
277(5)
12.3.1 Characteristics
277(1)
12.3.2 Applications
278(4)
12.4 Ion-Exchange Membrane Chromatography
282(2)
12.4.1 General
282(1)
12.4.2 Technical Aspects of Ion-Exchange Membrane Chromatography
282(1)
12.4.3 Applications
283(1)
12.4.4 Implementation in the Dairy Industry
284(1)
12.5 Conclusions
284(9)
Chapter 13 Emerging Product Formation
293(28)
13.1 Introduction
293(1)
13.2 Nanocapsules
294(3)
13.2.1 Lipid-Based Delivery Systems
294(1)
13.2.2 Carbohydrate-Based Delivery Systems
294(3)
13.2.3 Protein-Based Delivery Systems
297(1)
13.3 Nanoencapsulation Methods and Scale-Up
297(4)
13.3.1 Ultrasonication
297(1)
13.3.2 High-Pressure Homogenization
297(2)
13.3.3 Spray Drying
299(1)
13.3.4 Electrospinning and Electrospray
299(2)
13.3.5 Supercritical Fluid
301(1)
13.3.6 Coacervation
301(1)
13.4 Nanoemulsions
301(5)
13.4.1 Definition and Application Examples
301(1)
13.4.2 Formulation Techniques
302(1)
13.4.3 High Energy Emulsification Methods
302(2)
13.4.4 Low-Energy Emulsification Methods
304(1)
13.4.5 Recent Food Applications
305(1)
13.5 Nanocrystals
306(2)
13.5.1 Cellulose
306(1)
13.5.2 Starch
306(2)
13.5.3 Chitin
308(1)
13.5.4 Potential Limitations
308(1)
13.6 Pulsed Fluidized Bed Agglomeration
308(13)
13.6.1 Introduction
308(1)
13.6.2 Fluid Bed Agglomeration
309(1)
13.6.3 Pulsed Fluid Bed Agglomeration
309(12)
SECTION IV COMMERCIALIZATION ASPECTS AND APPLICATIONS
Chapter 14 Cost and Safety Issues of Emerging Technologies Against Conventional Techniques
321(16)
14.1 Introduction
321(1)
14.2 Assumptions and Calculations
322(3)
14.3 Conventional Techniques
325(3)
14.4 Emerging Technologies
328(4)
14.5 Conclusions
332(5)
Chapter 15 Patented and Commercialized Applications
337(24)
15.1 Scale-Up and Commercialization Problems
337(1)
15.2 Protection of Intellectual Properties
338(2)
15.3 Applications and Market Products
340(13)
15.3.1 Vegetable and Plant By-Products
340(4)
15.3.2 Olive By-Products
344(4)
15.3.3 Coffee By-Products
348(3)
15.3.4 Dairy, Animal, and Fishery By-Products
351(2)
15.4 Potential Use of Emerging Technologies
353(3)
15.5 Conclusions
356(5)
Chapter 16 Recovery and Applications of Enzymes from Food Wastes
361(22)
16.1 Introduction
361(1)
16.2 Enzymes from Plant Food Processing Wastes
362(8)
16.2.1 Peroxidases (PODs)
362(5)
16.2.2 Polyphenol Oxidases (PPOs)
367(3)
16.2.3 Other Enzymes
370(1)
16.3 Fish and Seafood Processing Wastes
370(2)
16.4 Future Prospects
372(11)
Subject Index 383
Dr. Galanakis is an interdisciplinary scientist. He is the research and innovation director of Galanakis Laboratories (Chania, Greece) and the coordinator of the Food Waste Recovery Group of the ISEKI-Food Association (Vienna, Austria). He serves as an expert evaluator and monitor of international and regional funded programs and proposals, whereas he is an editorial board member and subject editor of Food and Bioproducts Processing and Food Research International. He has edited nine books and published ~100 articles