Foreword |
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xii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (3) |
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1 Why Carbon In Earth Matters |
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4 | (18) |
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Foundation of the Deep Carbon Observatory |
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4 | (3) |
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Spheres Below and Heavens Above |
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7 | (4) |
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11 | (3) |
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The Invention of Earth System Science |
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14 | (2) |
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Environmentalists Shake Up Humanity |
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16 | (2) |
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Global Warming and Deep Carbon |
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18 | (2) |
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Jules Verne Imagines Earth's Dynamic Interior |
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20 | (2) |
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2 The Origin Of Deep Carbon In Deep Space |
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22 | (23) |
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22 | (1) |
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It Started with a Big Bang! |
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23 | (2) |
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Stellar Origin of the Chemical Elements |
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25 | (4) |
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Origin of Carbon in the Universe |
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29 | (5) |
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Exploding Stars Seed Space with Carbon |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (2) |
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Formation of the Solar System |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (2) |
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3 Deliveries Of Cosmic Carbon Continue |
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45 | (17) |
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Adding the Volatiles, Carbon and Water |
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45 | (3) |
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Carbonaceous Chondrites Carry Carbon |
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48 | (9) |
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Organic Riches in the Murchison Meteorite |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (4) |
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4 On The Nature Of Earth'S Interior |
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62 | (15) |
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Inquiring about Earth in Antiquity |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (7) |
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Earth's Magnetic Attraction |
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71 | (1) |
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Edmond Halley Investigates Geomagnetism |
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72 | (3) |
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Henry Cavendish Weighs Earth |
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75 | (2) |
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5 Earth'S Physical Interior Revealed |
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77 | (20) |
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"The Most Ingenious Book I Ever Read" |
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77 | (2) |
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Stratigraphy: A Layered Approach to Earth History |
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79 | (2) |
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The Coal Prospector and the Geological Map |
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81 | (4) |
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Defining the Order of the Strata |
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85 | (3) |
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The First Large-Scale Geological Map |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (3) |
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The Magnetic Crusade: The First International Geophysical Survey |
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92 | (5) |
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6 Thousands, Millions Or Billions: The Question Of Timing |
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97 | (22) |
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Reading Nature's Archives |
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97 | (3) |
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Deep Time and Nature's Deep History |
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100 | (1) |
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Ussher and the Age of Earth |
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101 | (1) |
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"Drawing Large Cheques upon the Bank of Time" |
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102 | (4) |
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Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier: Combustion and Respiration |
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106 | (4) |
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Is Coal's Origin Biogenic? |
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110 | (1) |
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Paris: A Walk in the Park |
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111 | (1) |
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Charles Darwin: Geologist and Natural Historian |
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112 | (2) |
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Evolution by Natural Selection |
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114 | (5) |
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7 Physics And Chemistry Of Deep Earth |
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119 | (28) |
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119 | (6) |
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Radioactivity Raises the Stakes |
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125 | (2) |
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The Curies Discover the Source of Earth's Internal Heating |
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127 | (3) |
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Radioactive Clocks Locked in Rocks |
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130 | (4) |
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Arthur Holmes Dates Earth |
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134 | (4) |
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Earth's Dynamic Deep Interior |
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138 | (1) |
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Isotopes Extend the Geological Timescale |
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139 | (8) |
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8 Confronting The Continental Drift Conundrum |
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147 | (20) |
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"What We Are Witnessing Is the Collapse of the World" |
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147 | (2) |
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Alfred Wegener Shifts the Worldview |
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149 | (3) |
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Seeing Off Opponents, Seeking Scarce Supporters |
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152 | (6) |
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Holmes Warms to Continental Drift |
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158 | (5) |
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Why Did It All Take So Long and What Was Learned? |
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163 | (4) |
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9 The Mid-Atlantic Ridge And Rift Valley |
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167 | (27) |
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The Foundations of Oceanography |
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167 | (2) |
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The Challenger Expedition, 1872-1876 |
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169 | (4) |
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Finding the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Mariana Trench |
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173 | (2) |
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The Postwar Bonanza for Geosciences |
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175 | (1) |
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Gunther Dietrich Profiles the Ridge and the Central Rift Valley |
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176 | (2) |
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Harry Hess: "Drowned Islands of the Pacific Basin" |
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178 | (2) |
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Maurice Ewing: "I Keep My Ship at Sea" |
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180 | (4) |
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The Heezen-Tharp Map, 1957 |
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184 | (3) |
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The Geopoetry of Harry Hess, 1962 |
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187 | (4) |
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Robert Dietz: The Seafloor Is a Conveyor Belt |
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191 | (3) |
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10 Earth'S Deep Dynamics Discovered |
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194 | (17) |
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Seismology Digs Deep to the Core |
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194 | (2) |
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The Physicists and the Dynamo |
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196 | (3) |
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Paleomagnetism and the History of Rocks |
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199 | (2) |
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Pioneering Geomagnetism at the Carnegie Institution |
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201 | (3) |
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Apparent Wandering of the Geomagnetic Field |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (5) |
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211 | (23) |
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Dating Geomagnetic Reversals |
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211 | (2) |
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Mapping the Magnetic Seafloor |
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213 | (4) |
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Lawrence Morley's "Eureka!" Moment |
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217 | (3) |
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Fred Vine's "Eureka!" Moment |
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220 | (3) |
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Players in the Endgame, 1963--1968 |
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223 | (4) |
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227 | (7) |
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12 Deep Carbon: Cycles, Reservoirs And Fluxes |
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234 | (27) |
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The Jigsaw Slots Together |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (4) |
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Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen: Deep Carbon Cycle Pioneer |
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242 | (4) |
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Breathing New Life into Deep Carbon Science |
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246 | (2) |
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Box Models of the Long-Term Carbon Cycle |
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248 | (6) |
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Quantifying Reservoirs and Fluxes |
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254 | (2) |
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2009-2019: Decade of Deep Carbon Discovery |
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256 | (5) |
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13 Carbon-Bearing Phases In The Mantle |
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261 | (21) |
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Inventing High-Pressure Physics and Chemistry |
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261 | (3) |
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Diamond Synthesis: Seeking the Holy Grail |
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264 | (4) |
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Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory: High-Pressure Mineralogy |
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268 | (3) |
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Geoscientists Are Attracted to High-Pressure Research |
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271 | (1) |
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Five Reactions and the Deep Carbon Cycle |
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272 | (3) |
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275 | (2) |
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The Carbon Mineral Challenge |
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277 | (5) |
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282 | (21) |
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282 | (4) |
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286 | (3) |
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Cecil Rhodes: Founder of the Modern Diamond Industry |
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289 | (3) |
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Kimberlite and the Formation of Diamond |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (2) |
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Origin of the Largest Gem Diamonds |
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296 | (7) |
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303 | (30) |
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303 | (4) |
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307 | (2) |
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Subterranean Life in Deep Mines |
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309 | (3) |
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Deep Marine Sediment Communities |
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312 | (1) |
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Marine Bacteria and Biofilms |
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313 | (1) |
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Dredging and Drilling the Deep |
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314 | (1) |
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Deep Marine Life at Hydrothermal Vents |
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315 | (8) |
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Thomas Gold Proposes the Deep, Hot Biosphere |
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323 | (1) |
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Drilling to the Deep Biosphere |
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324 | (4) |
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328 | (5) |
Glossary |
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333 | (8) |
Biographical Notes |
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341 | (13) |
Index |
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354 | |