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E-raamat: From Crust to Core: A Chronicle of Deep Carbon Science

(University of Cambridge)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108694698
  • Formaat - EPUB+DRM
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108694698

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"Carbon plays a fundamental role on Earth. It forms the chemical backbone for all essential organic molecules produced by living organisms. Carbonbased fuels supply most of society's energy, and atmospheric carbon dioxide has a huge impact on Earth's climate. This book provides a complete history of the emergence and development of the new interdisciplinary field of deep carbon science. It traces four centuries of history during which the inner workings of the dynamic Earth were discovered, and documentsextraordinary scientific revolutions that changed our understanding of carbon on Earth forever: carbon's origin in exploding stars; the discovery of the internal heat source driving the Earth's carbon cycle; and the tectonic revolution. Written with an engaging narrative style and covering the scientific endeavours of more than a hundred pioneers of deep geoscience, this is a fascinating book for students and researchers working in Earth system science and deep carbon research"--

Arvustused

'A beautifully accessible history of geology told through the unique lens of how the element carbon cycles between different parts of the Earth. The reader will be drawn into the stories behind some of the key discoveries and developments in the field. A must read for anyone interested in how scientific revolutions are made. Cin-Ty Lee, Rice University 'A very interesting narrative that weaves the historical development of ideas and controversies in Geoscience into the theme of the significance of the Deep Earth Carbon cycle. Mitton has researched both the well-known and the less well-known personalities and anecdotes that bring the human element into the quest to discover how the Earth works.' Andrew Putnis, University of Münster 'Simon Mitton's book takes us through centuries of frontline research on the origin and evolution of carbon in the universe and our planet rarely have the challenges and innovations of geological research been exposed in such a broad context and in connection with other branches of science. Most appealing is the realization that a common thread links almost all scientific disciplines, which are complementary and constantly feed one another, sometimes in unexpected ways. Simon Mitton puts us in the driver's seat with his lively sketches of scientists at work. We take comfort in the outstanding advances that have been made and at the same time realize how far we still need to go. I was sorry when I reached the end of his book because I wanted the story to continue for much longer.' Claude Jaupart, Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris 'Simon Mitton's book 'From Crust to Core, A Chronicle of Deep Carbon Science' takes the reader on a wonderful trip through the time, documenting the challenges and advances made by different generations of scientists to develop an understanding of Earth's processes. This comprehensive work extends until the construction of the revolutionary paradigm known as Earth System science, on which Deep Carbon Science is unfolding today.' Antonio Costa, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Bologna, Italy ' I recommend this book as delivering an enriching contextual narrative of the development of the subject that is well suited to basic background reading for all aspiring Earth scientists.' Gillian R. Foulger, The Observatory ' a great read for anyone from science and natural history enthusiasts to students or researchers of Earth and planetary sciences.' Rajdeep Dasgupta, American Mineralogist

Muu info

A fascinating historical account of the emergence and development of the new interdisciplinary field of deep carbon science.
Foreword xii
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction 1(3)
1 Why Carbon In Earth Matters
4(18)
Foundation of the Deep Carbon Observatory
4(3)
Spheres Below and Heavens Above
7(4)
Looking Down on Earth
11(3)
The Invention of Earth System Science
14(2)
Environmentalists Shake Up Humanity
16(2)
Global Warming and Deep Carbon
18(2)
Jules Verne Imagines Earth's Dynamic Interior
20(2)
2 The Origin Of Deep Carbon In Deep Space
22(23)
Carbon Is Universal
22(1)
It Started with a Big Bang!
23(2)
Stellar Origin of the Chemical Elements
25(4)
Origin of Carbon in the Universe
29(5)
Exploding Stars Seed Space with Carbon
34(2)
Giant Molecular Clouds
36(2)
Formation of the Solar System
38(2)
Making Rocky Planets
40(3)
Thwack! Moon Making
43(2)
3 Deliveries Of Cosmic Carbon Continue
45(17)
Adding the Volatiles, Carbon and Water
45(3)
Carbonaceous Chondrites Carry Carbon
48(9)
Organic Riches in the Murchison Meteorite
57(1)
Cosmic Carbon Chemistry
58(4)
4 On The Nature Of Earth'S Interior
62(15)
Inquiring about Earth in Antiquity
62(2)
Mining Deep Earth Begins
64(7)
Earth's Magnetic Attraction
71(1)
Edmond Halley Investigates Geomagnetism
72(3)
Henry Cavendish Weighs Earth
75(2)
5 Earth'S Physical Interior Revealed
77(20)
"The Most Ingenious Book I Ever Read"
77(2)
Stratigraphy: A Layered Approach to Earth History
79(2)
The Coal Prospector and the Geological Map
81(4)
Defining the Order of the Strata
85(3)
The First Large-Scale Geological Map
88(1)
Professing Earth Science
89(3)
The Magnetic Crusade: The First International Geophysical Survey
92(5)
6 Thousands, Millions Or Billions: The Question Of Timing
97(22)
Reading Nature's Archives
97(3)
Deep Time and Nature's Deep History
100(1)
Ussher and the Age of Earth
101(1)
"Drawing Large Cheques upon the Bank of Time"
102(4)
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier: Combustion and Respiration
106(4)
Is Coal's Origin Biogenic?
110(1)
Paris: A Walk in the Park
111(1)
Charles Darwin: Geologist and Natural Historian
112(2)
Evolution by Natural Selection
114(5)
7 Physics And Chemistry Of Deep Earth
119(28)
Fixing the Age of Earth
119(6)
Radioactivity Raises the Stakes
125(2)
The Curies Discover the Source of Earth's Internal Heating
127(3)
Radioactive Clocks Locked in Rocks
130(4)
Arthur Holmes Dates Earth
134(4)
Earth's Dynamic Deep Interior
138(1)
Isotopes Extend the Geological Timescale
139(8)
8 Confronting The Continental Drift Conundrum
147(20)
"What We Are Witnessing Is the Collapse of the World"
147(2)
Alfred Wegener Shifts the Worldview
149(3)
Seeing Off Opponents, Seeking Scarce Supporters
152(6)
Holmes Warms to Continental Drift
158(5)
Why Did It All Take So Long and What Was Learned?
163(4)
9 The Mid-Atlantic Ridge And Rift Valley
167(27)
The Foundations of Oceanography
167(2)
The Challenger Expedition, 1872-1876
169(4)
Finding the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Mariana Trench
173(2)
The Postwar Bonanza for Geosciences
175(1)
Gunther Dietrich Profiles the Ridge and the Central Rift Valley
176(2)
Harry Hess: "Drowned Islands of the Pacific Basin"
178(2)
Maurice Ewing: "I Keep My Ship at Sea"
180(4)
The Heezen-Tharp Map, 1957
184(3)
The Geopoetry of Harry Hess, 1962
187(4)
Robert Dietz: The Seafloor Is a Conveyor Belt
191(3)
10 Earth'S Deep Dynamics Discovered
194(17)
Seismology Digs Deep to the Core
194(2)
The Physicists and the Dynamo
196(3)
Paleomagnetism and the History of Rocks
199(2)
Pioneering Geomagnetism at the Carnegie Institution
201(3)
Apparent Wandering of the Geomagnetic Field
204(2)
Drifting, Not Wandering
206(5)
11 Reversals Of Fortune
211(23)
Dating Geomagnetic Reversals
211(2)
Mapping the Magnetic Seafloor
213(4)
Lawrence Morley's "Eureka!" Moment
217(3)
Fred Vine's "Eureka!" Moment
220(3)
Players in the Endgame, 1963--1968
223(4)
The Final Chorus
227(7)
12 Deep Carbon: Cycles, Reservoirs And Fluxes
234(27)
The Jigsaw Slots Together
234(2)
Ring of Fire
236(2)
Inventing Volcanology
238(4)
Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen: Deep Carbon Cycle Pioneer
242(4)
Breathing New Life into Deep Carbon Science
246(2)
Box Models of the Long-Term Carbon Cycle
248(6)
Quantifying Reservoirs and Fluxes
254(2)
2009-2019: Decade of Deep Carbon Discovery
256(5)
13 Carbon-Bearing Phases In The Mantle
261(21)
Inventing High-Pressure Physics and Chemistry
261(3)
Diamond Synthesis: Seeking the Holy Grail
264(4)
Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory: High-Pressure Mineralogy
268(3)
Geoscientists Are Attracted to High-Pressure Research
271(1)
Five Reactions and the Deep Carbon Cycle
272(3)
Carbon Mineral Evolution
275(2)
The Carbon Mineral Challenge
277(5)
14 Diamond In The Mantle
282(21)
Delving Deep for Diamond
282(4)
Diamond in Kimberlite
286(3)
Cecil Rhodes: Founder of the Modern Diamond Industry
289(3)
Kimberlite and the Formation of Diamond
292(2)
Dating Diamonds
294(2)
Origin of the Largest Gem Diamonds
296(7)
15 Deep Life
303(30)
Signs of Deep Life
303(4)
Drilling Down in Sweden
307(2)
Subterranean Life in Deep Mines
309(3)
Deep Marine Sediment Communities
312(1)
Marine Bacteria and Biofilms
313(1)
Dredging and Drilling the Deep
314(1)
Deep Marine Life at Hydrothermal Vents
315(8)
Thomas Gold Proposes the Deep, Hot Biosphere
323(1)
Drilling to the Deep Biosphere
324(4)
Epilogue
328(5)
Glossary 333(8)
Biographical Notes 341(13)
Index 354
Simon Mitton is a Life Fellow at St Edmund's College, University of Cambridge. For more than fifty years he has passionately engaged in bringing discoveries in astronomy and cosmology to the general public. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a former Vice-President of the Royal Astronomical Society, and a Fellow of the Geological Society. The International Astronomical Union designated asteroid 4027 as Minor Planet Mitton in recognition of his extensive outreach activity and that of Dr Jacqueline Mitton.