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E-raamat: Fundamentals of Materials Science: The Microstructure-Property Relationship Using Metals as Model Systems

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  • ISBN-13: 9783030600563
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Fundamentals of Materials Science: The Microstructure-Property Relationship Using Metals as Model SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jan-2022
  • Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030600563
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This textbook offers a strong introduction to the fundamental concepts of materials science. It conveys the quintessence of this interdisciplinary field, distinguishing it from merely solid-state physics and solid-state chemistry, using metals as model systems to elucidate the relation between microstructure and materials properties.

Mittemeijer's Fundamentals of Materials Science provides a consistent treatment of the subject matter with a special focus on the microstructure-property relationship. Richly illustrated and thoroughly referenced, it is the ideal adoption for an entire undergraduate, and even graduate, course of study in materials science and engineering. It delivers a solid background against which more specialized texts can be studied, covering the necessary breadth of key topics such as crystallography, structure defects, phase equilibria and transformations, diffusion and kinetics, and mechanical properties. The success of the first edition has led to this updated and extended second edition, featuring detailed discussion of electron microscopy, supermicroscopy and diffraction methods, an extended treatment of diffusion in solids, and a separate chapter on phase transformation kinetics.

“In a lucid and masterly manner, the ways in which the microstructure can affect a host of basic phenomena in metals are described.... By consistently staying with the postulated topic of the microstructure - property relationship, this book occupies a singular position within the broad spectrum of comparable materials science literature .... it will also be of permanent value as a reference book for background refreshing, not least because of its unique annotated intermezzi; an ambitious, remarkable work.”


G. Petzow in International Journal of Materials Research.

“The biggest strength of the book is the discussion of the structure-property relationships, which the author has accomplished admirably.... In a nutshell, the book should not be looked at as a quick ‘cook book’ type text, but as a serious, critical treatise for some significant time to come.”

G.S. Upadhyaya in Science of Sintering.

“The role of lattice defects in deformation processes is clearly illustrated using excellent diagrams . Included are many footnotes, ‘Intermezzos’, ‘Epilogues’ and asides within the text from the author’s experience. This ..... soon becomes valued for the interesting insights into the subject and shows the human side of its history. Overall this book provides a refreshing treatment of this important subject and should prove a useful addition to the existing text books available to undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the field of materials science.”

M. Davies in Materials World.


Arvustused

This is a quite comprehensive book with over 700 pages and excellent integration of figures, tables, and equations. They provide great insights into the relationships between structure and properties that are fundamental to all materials scientists. the book finds an excellent balance between theory and practical application. Overall, Fundamentals of Materials Science: The Microstructure-Property Relationship Using Metals as Model Systems (Second Edition) by Eric J. Mittemeijer is an invaluable contribution to materials science. (David P. Cann, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 57, 2022)

1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 The Notion Material
1(2)
1.2 The Notion Metal
3(1)
1.3 Models and Experiments
3(2)
1.4 Bridging Length Scales
5(1)
1.5 Understanding of Nature, the Role of Science; Magic, Discovery and Models
6(5)
2 Electronic Structure of the Atom; the Periodic Table
11(34)
2.1 Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
11(1)
2.2 Rutherford's Model (1911)
11(1)
2.3 Bohr's Model (1913)
12(3)
2.4 The Wave or Quantum Mechanical Model (Heisenberg/Schrodinger 1926); Quantum Numbers
15(8)
Intermezzo: A "derivation" of the Uncertainty Relation; Diffraction of Moving Particles at a Slit
16(3)
2.4.1 The Probability Amplitude
19(1)
2.4.2 Characterizing the Possible Energy States; the Quantum Numbers
20(3)
2.5 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and the "Aufbau Prinzip"
23(15)
Intermezzo: The Discoverers of the Periodic System; A First Example of a "Priority Battle"
28(4)
Epilogue: The Extent of the Periodic Table
32(2)
2.5.1 Atom Size and Ionization Energy
34(4)
2.6 The Shape of the Probability Density Distribution for the Electron
38(5)
References
43(2)
3 Chemical Bonding in Solids; with Excursions to Material Properties
45(74)
3.1 Attractive and Repulsive Forces; Thermal Expansion and Elastic Constants
45(6)
Intermezzo: The Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Large and Small Crystals
49(2)
3.2 Remarks on Model Types of Bonding
51(2)
3.3 Ionic Bonding; Lattice Energy and The Madelung Factor
53(8)
3.4 Covalent Bonding
61(6)
3.5 Metal Bonding
67(38)
3.5.1 The Free Electron Models
68(11)
3.5.2 Zone or Band Models
79(17)
3.5.3 The Crystal Structure of Metals
96(9)
3.6 van der Waals Bonding
105(4)
3.7 Hydrogen Bonding
109(7)
Epilogue: "How Science Really Happens"
113(3)
References
116(3)
4 Crystallography
119(112)
Intermezzo: Goniometry; the Beginning of Crystallography
120(3)
Intermezzo: Making Grain Boundaries Visible
123(1)
4.1 Geometric Description of Crystals
124(24)
4.1.1 Translation Lattice, Motif and Crystal Structure
124(9)
4.1.2 The Crystal System
133(4)
Intermezzo: A Short Note on Point Groups, Crystallographic Point Groups, Plane Groups and Space Groups; Glide and Screw Operations
137(2)
4.1.3 The Bravais Categorization of Translation Lattices
139(3)
4.1.4 Description of Lattice Planes and Directions; Miller and Miller-Bravais Indices
142(6)
4.2 Crystal Structures of Elements
148(26)
4.2.1 Crystal Structures Derived from Close Packed Arrangements of Hard Spheres
150(12)
4.2.2 The Body Centred Cubic (b.c.c.) Crystal Structure
162(4)
4.2.3 Further Crystal Structures of Elements
166(4)
4.2.4 The Coordination Number
170(2)
4.2.5 Polymorphism and Allotropy
172(2)
4.3 The Notions Alloy, Solid Solution, Ordered Solid Solution and Compound
174(1)
4.4 Crystalline Solid Solutions and Compounds
175(21)
4.4.1 Substitutional Solid Solutions
175(7)
4.4.2 Interstitial Solid Solutions
182(11)
Intermezzo: Thermochemical Surface Engineering; Nitriding and Carburizing of Iron and Steels
193(3)
4.4.3 Crystal Structures of Further Materials
196(1)
4.5 Determination of the Crystal Structure; (X-Ray) Diffraction Analysis
196(7)
Intermezzo: The von Laue theory
199(4)
4.6 The Stereographic Projection
203(4)
4.7 The Texture of a Polycrystal
207(9)
4.7.1 The Pole Figure
208(5)
4.7.2 The Orientation Distribution Function
213(1)
4.7.3 The Inverse Pole Figure
214(2)
4.8 Aperiodic Crystals
216(10)
4.8.1 Incommensurately Modulated Atomic Structures
216(4)
4.8.2 Quasicrystals
220(1)
Intermezzo: A Revolution in Crystallography; "Young" versus "Old"
220(5)
Epilogue: The Notion Crystal Revisited
225(1)
Appendix: How to Deal with Atoms at Unit-Cell Boundaries
226(2)
References
228(3)
5 The Crystal Imperfection; Structure Defects
231(52)
5.1 Point Defects (Zero-Dimensional)
232(6)
5.1.1 Singular Point Defects: Thermal and Constitutional Defects; Vacancies; Interstitial, Substitutional and Antistructure Atoms
232(4)
5.1.2 Combined Point Defects: Vacancy Pairs and Triple Defects; Schottky and Frenkel Defects
236(2)
5.2 Line Defects (One-Dimensional)
238(24)
5.2.1 The Edge Dislocation
239(2)
5.2.2 The Screw Dislocation
241(1)
5.2.3 Dislocation Line and Burgers Vector; Dislocation Density
242(1)
Intermezzo: A Historical Note About the Burgers Vector
243(3)
5.2.4 Strain Energy of a Dislocation
246(1)
5.2.5 Glide of Dislocations; Slip Systems
247(2)
Intermezzo: The Peierls Stress
249(3)
5.2.6 Dislocation Production: Frank-Read Source, Cross-Slip and Vacancy Condensation
252(5)
5.2.7 Climb of Dislocations
257(1)
5.2.8 Partial and Sessile Dislocations
258(4)
5.3 Planar Defects (Two-Dimensional)
262(16)
5.3.1 Interfaces
262(8)
5.3.2 Twin Boundaries and Stacking Faults
270(1)
5.3.3 Antiphase Boundaries
271(1)
5.3.4 Coherent and Incoherent Interfaces
272(4)
Intermezzo: Coherent and Incoherent Interfaces versus Coherent and Incoherent Diffraction
276(2)
5.4 Volume Defects (Three-Dimensional)
278(3)
5.4.1 Second Phase Particles
278(1)
5.4.2 Pores
279(2)
References
281(2)
6 Analysis of the Microstructure; Analysis of Structural Imperfection: Light and Electron Microscopical and (X-Ray) Diffraction Methods
283(74)
6.1 The Lens
284(4)
6.1.1 The Paraxial Approximation
285(2)
6.1.2 The Compound Lens
287(1)
6.2 Image Formation
288(4)
6.3 The (Reflected) Light Optical Microscope
292(4)
6.3.1 The Magnifier ("Loupe")
292(2)
6.3.2 The Compound Microscope
294(2)
6.4 Kohler Illumination
296(2)
6.5 Resolving Power
298(2)
6.5.1 Minimal Image Construction
298(1)
6.5.2 Maximal Magnification
299(1)
6.6 Bright and Dark Field and Other Imaging Techniques by Light Optical Microscopy
300(7)
6.6.1 Bright Field Microscopy
300(1)
6.6.2 Dark Field Microscopy
301(2)
6.6.3 Phase-Contrast Microscopy
303(1)
6.6.4 Interference Microscopy
304(2)
6.6.5 Polarized Light Microscopy
306(1)
6.7 Resolution Beyond the Diffraction Limit: "Supermicroscopy"
307(7)
6.7.1 Confocal Microscopy
308(3)
6.7.2 Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (STED)
311(3)
6.8 Transmission Electron Microscopy
314(19)
6.8.1 Basic Constitution and Action of the TEM; Imaging and Diffraction Modes
315(3)
6.8.2 The Diffraction Pattern; the Zone Law
318(1)
6.8.3 Diffraction Contrast Images; Bright Field and Dark Field "Imaging"
318(3)
6.8.4 Examples of Bright and Dark Field TEM Images
321(4)
6.8.5 Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED); Microdiffraction; Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)
325(3)
6.8.6 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM)
328(3)
6.8.7 Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM); Chemical Composition Maps
331(2)
6.9 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
333(6)
6.9.1 Secondary Electron Images
335(2)
6.9.2 Back-Scattered Electron Images
337(1)
6.9.3 Chemical Composition Maps; Electron Probe Micro-analysis (EPMA)
337(2)
6.10 X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Imperfect Microstructure
339(15)
6.10.1 Determination of Crystallite Size and Microstrain
341(5)
6.10.2 Determination of (Residual) Macrostress
346(4)
Intermezzo: Grain Interaction
350(1)
Intermezzo: Surface Anisotropy and Thin Films
351(2)
Intermezzo: Colossal Stress and Texture Gradients in (Even Ultra-) Thin Films
353(1)
References
354(3)
7 Phase Equilibria
357(44)
7.1 The Notion Phase
358(1)
7.2 The Notion Component
359(1)
7.3 The Notions Equilibrium and Stationary State; Internal Energy, Entropy, (Helmholtz) Free Energy and Gibbs Energy
359(6)
7.4 Degrees of Freedom; The Phase Rule
365(2)
7.5 Phase Diagrams
367(24)
7.5.1 One Component (unary) Systems
367(2)
Intermezzo: Entropy of Fusion and the Structure of Liquids
369(1)
7.5.2 Binary Systems
370(18)
7.5.3 Ternary Systems
388(3)
7.6 Microstructure Development with Reference to the Phase Diagram
391(8)
Epilogue: The Topology of Phase Diagrams; Some Rules
396(3)
References
399(2)
8 Diffusion
401(66)
8.1 The Continuum Approach to Diffusion; Fick's First and Second Laws
401(4)
8.2 The Atomistic Approach to Diffusion
405(3)
Intermezzo: Brownian Motion
406(2)
8.3 Solutions of Fick's Laws
408(3)
8.4 Concentration Dependence of the Diffusion Coefficient; the Boltzmann--Matano Analysis
411(3)
8.5 Diffusion Mechanisms in Crystalline Systems
414(3)
8.5.1 Exchange Mechanisms
414(1)
8.5.2 The Vacancy Mechanism; Substitutional Diffusion
415(1)
8.5.3 Interstitial Diffusion
416(1)
8.6 The Jump Frequency and the Activation Energy of Diffusion
417(10)
8.6.1 The Determination of ΔHvac
423(3)
8.6.2 The Determination of ΔHmig
426(1)
8.7 Intrinsic Diffusion and Material Flow
427(17)
8.7.1 The Kirkendall Effect
427(5)
Intermezzo: A Revolution in Diffusion Understanding; "Young" versus "Old"
432(5)
8.7.2 From Thermodynamics to Kinetics
437(7)
8.8 Diffusion in a State of Stress
444(6)
8.8.1 Pressure/Hydrostatic State of Stress
444(1)
8.8.2 "Self-Stress"
445(5)
8.9 Microstructure and Diffusion
450(11)
8.9.1 Diffusion Along the Low-Angle Symmetrical Tilt Boundary
453(2)
8.9.2 Diffusion Along a Moving Grain Boundary
455(1)
Intermezzo: Priority and Scientific Decency
456(5)
Appendix: Concentration-Depth Profiles in Thin Layer Systems
461(3)
References
464(3)
9 Phase Transformations: Introduction and Typology
467(66)
9.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Phase Transformations; Thermal Activation and the Activation Energy
469(2)
9.2 Energetics of Nucleation; Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Transformations; Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation
471(5)
Intermezzo: Nucleation of AIN in Fe--Al Alloy
474(2)
9.3 Diffusional and Diffusionless Transformations
476(2)
9.4 Diffusional Transformations; Examples
478(20)
9.4.1 Age-Hardening Alloys; "Clusters", Transition and Equilibrium Precipitates
478(3)
9.4.2 Eutectoid Transformation
481(2)
Intermezzo: The Fe-C System; Steels and Cast Irons
483(6)
9.4.3 Discontinuous Transformation
489(4)
9.4.4 The Widmanstatten Morphology
493(1)
9.4.5 Grain-Boundary Wetting
494(4)
9.5 Diffusionless Transformations; Examples
498(33)
9.5.1 The Massive Transformation
499(5)
9.5.2 The Martensitic Transformation
504(6)
Intermezzo: The Fe-C and Fe-N Phase Diagrams
510(14)
Intermezzo: Shape-Memory Alloys
524(2)
Intermezzo: The Hardness of Iron-Based Interstitial Martensitic Specimens
526(1)
Intermezzo: Tempering of Iron-Based Interstitial Martensitic Specimens
526(5)
References
531(2)
10 Phase Transformations: Kinetics
533(48)
10.1 Time--Temperature--Transformation (TIT) Diagrams and Continuous-Cooling-Transformation (CCT) Diagrams
534(4)
10.2 Thermal History and the Stage of Transformation
538(2)
10.3 The Transformation Rate; the Additivity Rule
540(1)
10.4 Heterogeneous Phase Transformations as a Composite Phenomenon: Nucleation, Growth and Impingement
540(2)
10.5 Modes of Nucleation
542(3)
10.5.1 Continuous Nucleation
543(1)
10.5.2 Pre-existing Nuclei
543(2)
10.5.3 Other Modes of Nucleation
545(1)
10.6 Modes of Growth
545(3)
10.6.1 Interface-Controlled Growth
546(1)
10.6.2 Diffusion-Controlled Growth
547(1)
10.6.3 Mixed Growth Mode
547(1)
10.7 The Activation Energies for Nucleation and Growth
548(1)
10.8 Extended Volume and Extended Transformed Fraction
549(2)
10.9 Modes of Impingement
551(3)
10.10 The Transformed Fraction
554(2)
10.11 The Classical and Generalized Johnson-Mehl-Avrami Equation; the "Additivity Rule" Revisited
556(2)
10.12 The Effective Activation Energy
558(1)
10.13 Experimental Determination of the Degree of Transformation; Dilatometry and Calorimetry
559(4)
10.14 Fitting of Kinetic Models
563(3)
10.15 Direct Determination of the Effective Activation Energy and the Growth Exponent
566(6)
10.15.1 Determination of the Effective Activation Energy; Isothermal Anneals
566(1)
10.15.2 Determination of the Effective Activation Energy; Isochronal Anneals
567(1)
10.15.3 Maximal Transformation Rate and Determination of the Effective Activation Energy
568(2)
10.15.4 Determination of the Growth Exponent; Isothermal Anneals
570(1)
10.15.5 Determination of the Growth Exponent; Isochronal Anneals
570(1)
10.15.6 Time and Temperature Dependences of the Effective Activation Energy and the Growth Exponent; Determination of the Constant Activation Energies of Nucleation and Growth
571(1)
10.16 Hierarchy of Models; Some Notes
572(6)
Epilogue: The Coupling of Thermodynamics to Kinetics
576(2)
References
578(3)
11 Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth
581(40)
11.1 Recovery
582(7)
11.1.1 Dislocation Annihilation and Rearrangement
583(6)
11.1.2 Kinetics of Recovery
589(1)
11.2 Recrystallization
589(9)
11.2.1 "Nucleation" of Recrystallization
590(6)
Intermezzo: The History of an Idea; the Subgrain as Origin of Recrystallization
596(1)
11.2.2 Kinetics of Recrystallization
597(1)
11.3 Grain Growth
598(20)
11.3.1 The Grain-Boundary Network; on Grain-Boundary/Interfacial Energy and Tension
598(5)
Intermezzo: Interface Stabilized Microstructures
603(2)
11.3.2 Grain-Boundary Curvature-Driven Growth
605(3)
11.3.3 Kinetics of Grain Growth; Inhibition of Grain Growth
608(6)
11.3.4 Abnormal Grain Growth
614(2)
11.3.5 Particle Coarsening; Ostwald Ripening
616(2)
References
618(3)
12 Mechanical Strength of Materials
621(102)
12.1 Elastic versus Plastic Deformation; Ductile and Brittle Materials
622(1)
12.2 Basic Modes of Uniaxial Deformation; Concepts of Stress and Strain; Uniaxial Elastic Deformation Laws
623(7)
Intermezzo: Short History of the Poisson Constant
628(1)
Intermezzo: Negative Poisson Constant
628(2)
12.3 Elastically Isotropic and Anisotropic Materials
630(2)
12.4 Elastic Deformation Upon Three Axial and Biaxial Loading
632(6)
12.5 Elastic Strain Energy
638(2)
12.6 Rubber Elasticity; Elastomeric Behaviour
640(3)
12.7 Viscoelasticity/Anelasticity; Mechanical Hysteresis
643(4)
12.8 Plastic Deformation Characteristics
647(1)
12.9 The Tensile Stress--Strain Curve; True Stress and True Strain
648(12)
12.9.1 Strain and Strain Rate Due to Dislocation Movement
654(1)
12.9.2 The Yield Drop Phenomenon; Cottrell--Bilby Atmospheres
655(4)
12.9.3 Shear Yielding and Craze Yielding
659(1)
12.10 Yielding Criteria in Cases of Two- and Three-Axial Loading
660(4)
Intermezzo: Application of the von Mises Criterion to Predict the Location of Failure in Ball Bearings
662(2)
12.11 Critical Resolved Shear Stress; the Plastic Deformation of Single Crystals
664(5)
12.12 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystals
669(2)
12.13 Hardness Parameters; Macroscopic, Microscopic and Nanoscopic
671(10)
Intermezzo: The Hardest Materials
672(2)
Intermezzo: Combined Nanoindentation and Scanning Probe Microscopy
674(5)
Intermezzo: Hardness-Depth Profiling on Nanoscale
679(2)
12.14 Strengthening, Hardening Mechanisms (of Metals in Particular)
681(9)
12.14.1 Strain Hardening (Work Hardening)
682(1)
12.14.2 Grain Size; The Hall-Petch Relation; Nanosized Materials
683(3)
12.14.3 Solid Solution Hardening
686(2)
12.14.4 Precipitation/Dispersion Strengthening
688(2)
12.15 Failure by Fracture; Crack Propagation
690(7)
12.16 Failure by Creep
697(9)
Intermezzo: Whiskering; Interplay of Internal Stress Gradients and Coble Creep
699(6)
12.16.1 Superplasticity
705(1)
12.17 Failure by Fatigue
706(5)
12.18 Residual, Internal Stresses
711(9)
Epilogue: The Essence of Materials Science; Optimizing the Fatigue Strength of Ferritic Steels by Nit riding
715(5)
References
720(3)
Index 723
Eric Jan Mittemeijer studied chemical technology (specialized in physical chemistry) at the Delft University of Technology (DUT), acquired his ingenieur (= Ir.) degree (comparable to a M.Sc. degree) in 1972 and his Ph.D. degree in 1978. From 1985 till 1998 he was full Professor of Solid State Chemistry at the Delft University of Technology.  From 1998 to 2017 he served as Director at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems (formerly: Max Planck Institute for Metals Research) in conjunction with a full Professorship of Materials Science at the University of Stuttgart.

Professor Mittemeijer founded and led the department Phase Transformations at the Max Plank Institute for Intelligent Systems from 1998 until his retirement. The department's work includes cutting-edge application of X-ray diffraction analysis, (transmission) electron microscopy, scanning Auger microscopy and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, calorimetry and dilatometry.



His areas of special interest are:

















phase transformations, (interface) thermodynamics and kinetics; nanomaterials and their unusual properties; stress and phase transformations in (very) thin (multi)layers; nitriding and nitrocarburizing of iron, iron alloys and steels; and

oxidation of metals and alloys.







He has published more than 700 papers in international scientific journals and a number of books and has received a number of honours for his scientific work. 

He has served on the editorial board of several journals and as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Materials Research. He is a leading member of a number of national and international societies in his fields of interest: e.g. Fellow of the American Society of Materials (ASM), Honorary Member of the German Society for Materials Science and Engineering, co-founder and past president of the Dutch/Belgian Heat TreatmentSociety and a co-founder and past president of the (Dutch) Society of Metals.



He has served for more than 10 years as the Dean of the Study Course Materials Science at the University of Stuttgart. Lastly, he founded and has been Speaker of the International Max Planck Research School on Advanced Materials (IMPRS-AM) for more than 12 years. 
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