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E-raamat: Graphene-Electrolyte Interfaces: Electronic Properties and Applications

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 07-Apr-2020
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000066784
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Graphene-Electrolyte Interfaces: Electronic Properties and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 07-Apr-2020
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000066784
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Graphene–electrolyte systems are commonly found in cutting-edge research on electrochemistry, biotechnology, nanoelectronics, energy storage, materials engineering, and chemical engineering. The electrons in graphene intimately interact with ions from an electrolyte at the graphene–electrolyte interface, where the electrical or chemical properties of both graphene and electrolyte could be affected. The electronic behavior therefore determines the performance of applications in both Faradaic and non-Faradaic processes, which require intensive studies. This book systematically integrates the electronic theory and experimental techniques for both graphene and electrolytes. The theoretical sections detail the classical and quantum description of electron transport in graphene and the modern models for charges in electrolytes. The experimental sections compile common techniques for graphene growth/characterization and electrochemistry. Based on this knowledge, the final chapter reviews a few applications of graphene–electrolyte systems in biosensing, neural recording, and enhanced electronic devices, in order to inspire future developments. This multidisciplinary book is ideal for a wide audience, including physicists, chemists, biologists, electrical engineers, materials engineers, and chemical engineers.
Preface xi
1 Introduction
1(8)
1.1 Graphene
2(2)
1.2 Electrolyte
4(1)
1.3 Graphene-Electrolyte Systems
5(4)
2 Electrons in Semiconductors
9(40)
2.1 Free Electron Gas
10(14)
2.1.1 The Drude Model
10(2)
2.1.1.1 Electron scattering and mobility
12(2)
2.1.1.2 DC electrical conductivity
14(1)
2.1.2 Fermi-Dirac Distribution
14(4)
2.1.3 Quantum Mechanics
18(1)
2.1.3.1 Dispersion relation
18(2)
2.1.3.2 Nanoelectronic structures
20(2)
2.1.3.3 Density of states
22(2)
2.2 Nearly Free Electron Gas
24(12)
2.2.1 Modification to Dispersion Relation
24(1)
2.2.1.1 Crystal structure
25(1)
2.2.1.2 Reciprocal lattice and bandgap
26(5)
2.2.2 Density of States
31(1)
2.2.3 Electronic Properties of Semiconductors
32(1)
2.2.3.1 Charge carrier density
32(2)
2.2.3.2 Quantum capacitance
34(2)
2.3 Electrons in Heterostructures
36(10)
2.3.1 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
36(2)
2.3.2 Heterostructures
38(1)
2.3.2.1 Metal--oxide--semiconductor systems
39(2)
2.3.2.2 Metal--semiconductor systems
41(2)
2.3.3 Field-Effect Transistors
43(3)
2.4 Summary
46(3)
3 Electrons in Graphene
49(18)
3.1 Band Structure
49(5)
3.1.1 Crystal Structure and Reciprocal Lattice
50(1)
3.1.2 Dispersion Relation
51(2)
3.1.3 Density of States
53(1)
3.2 Electronic Properties of Graphene
54(8)
3.2.1 Charge Carrier Density and Doping
55(2)
3.2.2 Quantum Capacitance of Graphene
57(1)
3.2.3 Mobility and Scattering
58(1)
3.2.3.1 Mobility
59(1)
3.2.3.2 Scattering
60(2)
3.3 Nanoelectronic Applications
62(4)
3.3.1 Graphene Field-Effect Transistors
62(2)
3.3.2 Quantum Capacitance Devices
64(2)
3.4 Summary
66(1)
4 Electrons in Electrolyte
67(46)
4.1 Elementary Theories
68(13)
4.1.1 The Fluid Mechanics
68(1)
4.1.1.1 The Nernst-Planck equation
68(2)
4.1.1.2 Electrochemical potential
70(1)
4.1.1.3 Debye screening
71(2)
4.1.2 Marcus Theory for Electron Transfer
73(4)
4.1.3 The Gerischer Model
77(4)
4.2 Faradaic Processes
81(4)
4.3 Non-Faradaic Processes
85(24)
4.3.1 Gouy--Chapman--Stern Theory
85(1)
4.3.1.1 The Gouy--Chapman theory
85(5)
4.3.1.2 The Stern layer
90(3)
4.3.2 Modified Poisson--Boltzmann Model
93(6)
4.3.3 Ion Dynamics: The Vibration Model
99(1)
4.3.3.1 Ion dynamics by the Nernst--Planck equation
100(3)
4.3.3.2 Fluid mechanics
103(2)
4.3.3.3 Ion vibration in electrical double layer
105(4)
4.4 Summary
109(4)
5 Graphene--Electrolyte Systems
113(20)
5.1 Physisorption and Chemisorption
114(8)
5.1.1 First-Principle Calculation and Doping
114(6)
5.1.2 Dielectric Screening
120(2)
5.2 Band Alignment Involving Electrolytes
122(5)
5.2.1 Metal--Electrolyte Systems
122(1)
5.2.2 Semiconductor--Electrolyte Systems and Photoelectrochemistry
123(4)
5.3 Graphene--Electrolyte Systems
127(3)
5.4 Summary
130(3)
6 Experimental Methods for Graphene
133(34)
6.1 Growth Techniques
133(6)
6.1.1 Mechanical Cleavage
134(1)
6.1.2 Liquid Phase Exfoliation
135(2)
6.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition and Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
137(1)
6.1.4 Molecular Beam Epitaxy and Thermal Annealing of SiC
138(1)
6.1.5 Comparison of Growth Techniques
139(1)
6.2 General Methods for Characterization
139(11)
6.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy
141(1)
6.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy
142(3)
6.2.3 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
145(1)
6.2.4 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy
146(1)
6.2.5 Four-Probe Measurement
147(3)
6.3 Classical Hall Effect of Graphene
150(17)
6.3.1 The Theory
152(1)
6.3.1.1 The Drude model
152(2)
6.3.1.2 Cyclotron mass
154(2)
6.3.1.3 The two-carrier model
156(4)
6.3.2 Experimental Setup
160(1)
6.3.2.1 Hall structure
160(2)
6.3.2.2 Van der Pauw method
162(5)
7 Experimental Methods for Electrolyte
167(18)
7.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
167(3)
7.2 Chronoamperometry and Circuit Analysis
170(5)
7.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
175(10)
7.3.1 Electric Circuit Elements
175(2)
7.3.2 Specific Circuit Elements
177(1)
7.3.3 Equivalent Circuits
178(1)
7.3.3.1 Impedance plots
179(1)
7.3.3.2 Electrical circuits
180(5)
8 Applications and Outlook
185(44)
8.1 Conventional Electrical Biosensing
186(6)
8.1.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
186(2)
8.1.2 Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
188(4)
8.2 Liquid-Gated Hall-Effect Biosensing
192(8)
8.2.1 Detection of L-Histidine in the pM Range
193(3)
8.2.2 Ion-Electron Interaction
196(3)
8.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
199(1)
8.3 Neural Activity Recording
200(2)
8.4 Fast Electronic Devices
202(2)
8.5 Outlook
204(3)
Appendix A Moments of Boltzmann Transport Equation: The Fluid Equations
207(6)
A.1 Dyadic Tensor
207(2)
A.2 Kth Order Moment
209(1)
A.3 The Fluid Equations
210(1)
A.3.1 Continuity Equation
210(1)
A.3.2 Momentum Conservation
210(1)
A.3.3 Energy Conservation
211(2)
Appendix B Electric Field in the Compact Stern Layer
213(4)
Appendix C The Poisson--Nernst--Planck Equation for the Compact Stern Layer
217(4)
C.1 General Form to Find Potential Distribution
217(1)
C.2 Net Charge Density in Sublayer i
218(3)
Appendix D Conductivities of Sublayer I in the Compact Stern Layer
221(4)
D.1 Mobile Ions
222(1)
D.2 Immobile Ions
222(3)
Appendix E Constant Variables in the Compact Stern Layer at High Potential
225(2)
Appendix F Fabrication Process of a Graphene Hall Device
227(2)
References 229(22)
Index 251
Hualin Zhan is a physicist working at the University of Melbourne, Australia, where he received his PhD. He is an active researcher in the fields of ion transport, nanofluidic electrodynamics, semiconductor electrochemistry, nanoelectronics, condensed matter physics, and plasma physics. He received a symposium award from the European Materials Research Society and several scholarships from the University of Melbourne and other institutions. His pioneering works on transport theories of ions and electrons, solvation-involved nanoionics, machine learningassisted modeling, liquid-gated Hall measurement, and direct 3D graphene fabrication open new opportunities for energy storage, desalination, neuron stimulation, biosensing, and materials processing, among others.
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