| Preface |
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iii | |
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1 | (6) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Requirements for Spin Finishes |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 Components in Spin Finishes |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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CHAPTER
2. TENSION, FRICTION, AND LUBRICATION |
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7 | (24) |
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2.1 General Mechanism of Friction |
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7 | (3) |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (15) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (4) |
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2.3.3 Hydrodynamic Friction |
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19 | (3) |
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2.3.4 Influence of Yarn Attributes, Finishing Agents, and Contact Surfaces on Friction |
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22 | (5) |
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2.3.5 Relationships Among Friction and Other Yarn and Fabric Properties |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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CHAPTER
3. LABORATORY TESTING AND COMPONENT PROPERTIES |
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31 | (40) |
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3.1 Preliminary Component Evaluation |
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31 | (6) |
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31 | (5) |
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36 | (1) |
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3.2 Laboratory Testing of Yarn With Finish |
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37 | (17) |
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3.2.1 Very Slow Speed Fiber to Fiber Friction |
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37 | (3) |
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3.2.2 High Speed Friction |
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40 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Static Electricity and Finish Level on Fiber |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (3) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.2.6 Wettability Scanning and Finish Distribution |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2.7 Finish Absorption Into Yarn |
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50 | (2) |
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3.2.8 Amount of Finish on Yarn |
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52 | (2) |
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3.3 Specification Analyses |
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54 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Saponification Value (Number) |
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56 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Acid Value (Number) |
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56 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Hydroxyl Value (Number) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Other Specification Analyses |
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59 | (2) |
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3.4 Analyses for Material Characterization |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (7) |
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CHAPTER
4. YARN TO HARD SURFACE LUBRICANTS FOR FIBER FINISHES |
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71 | (58) |
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4.1 Water-Insoluble Lubricants |
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72 | (42) |
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4.1.1 Petroleum Based Lubricants |
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72 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Natural Product Glycerides and Esters |
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73 | (27) |
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4.1.2.1 Esters of Myristic Acid |
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74 | (3) |
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4.1.2.2 Esters of Palmitic Acid |
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77 | (4) |
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4.1.2.3 Esters of Stearic Acid |
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81 | (10) |
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4.1.2.4 Esters of Oleic Acid |
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91 | (4) |
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4.1.2.5 Coconut Oil and Esters of Coconut Fatty Acids |
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95 | (5) |
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4.1.3 Esters of Synthetic Monocarboxylic Acids |
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100 | (6) |
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4.1.4 Esters of Synthetic Dicarboxylic Acids |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (3) |
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4.2 Water-Soluble Lubricants |
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114 | (8) |
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122 | (7) |
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CHAPTER
5. COHESIVE AGENTS AND FIBER TO FIBER LUBRICANTS |
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129 | (56) |
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5.1 Attractive Forces at Interfaces |
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129 | (3) |
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5.2 Finish Components Affecting Fiber Cohesion |
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132 | (4) |
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5.3 Nonionic Surfactants as Cohesive Agents |
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136 | (27) |
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5.3.1 Alcohol Ether Ethoxylates |
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136 | (10) |
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5.3.2 Derivatives of Alcohol Ether Ethoxylates |
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146 | (3) |
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5.3.3 Ethoxylated Fatty Acids and Polyethylene Glycol Acid Esters |
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149 | (9) |
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5.3.4 Derivatives of Fatty Acid Esters of Ethylene Oxide |
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158 | (5) |
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5.4 Fiber Lubricants and Softeners |
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163 | (16) |
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5.4.1 Fatty Acid Ethoxylates as Fiber Lubricants |
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164 | (9) |
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5.4.2 Softeners and Softener Bases |
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173 | (6) |
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179 | (6) |
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185 | (88) |
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186 | (5) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (6) |
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6.3.1 The Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) of Surfactants |
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193 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Determination of HLB |
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194 | (3) |
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6.3.3 HLB of Cohesive Agents |
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197 | (2) |
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6.4 Surfactants Used as Emulsifiers |
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199 | (62) |
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199 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Alcohol Ether Ethoxylates |
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199 | (9) |
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6.4.3 Ethoxylated Alkylphenols |
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208 | (11) |
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6.4.4 Ethoxylated Glycerides |
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219 | (9) |
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6.4.5 Ethoxylated Fatty Acids |
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228 | (8) |
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6.4.6 Ethoxylated Sorbitol Esters |
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236 | (2) |
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6.4.7 Sorbitan Esters and Ethoxylated Sorbitan Esters |
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238 | (10) |
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6.4.8 Alkyl Polyglycosides |
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248 | (1) |
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6.4.9 Ethoxylated Alkylamines |
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249 | (12) |
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261 | (12) |
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273 | (46) |
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273 | (12) |
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7.1.1 Conductivity of Polymers and Fibers |
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279 | (4) |
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7.1.2 Conductivity Through Antistatic Agents |
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283 | (2) |
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7.2 Measurement of Static Electricity |
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285 | (9) |
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285 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Fabric to Metal Cling Test |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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7.2.5 Hayek-Chromey Wheel |
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288 | (2) |
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7.2.6 The Static Honestometer |
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290 | (1) |
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7.2.7 Rothschild Static Voltmeter |
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291 | (3) |
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7.3 Chemicals Used as Antistatic Finish Components |
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294 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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7.4 Commercial Antistatic Agents |
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296 | (18) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (16) |
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7.4.2.1 Aliphatic Alcohol Phosphates, Free Acids |
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299 | (3) |
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7.4.2.2 Aliphatic Alcohol Phosphates, Potassium Salts |
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302 | (1) |
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7.4.2.3 Polyoxyethylene Aliphatic Alcohol Phosphates, Free Acids |
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303 | (6) |
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7.4.2.4 Polyoxyethylene Aliphatic Alcohol Phosphates, Potassium Salts |
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309 | (5) |
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7.5 Other Antistatic Agents |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (5) |
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CHAPTER
8. OTHER FINISH ADDITIVES: ANTIOXIDANTS, DEFOAMERS, ANTIMICROBIALS, AND WETTING AGENTS |
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319 | (66) |
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319 | (16) |
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8.1.1 Initiation and Initiation Inhibitors |
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321 | (6) |
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8.1.2 Propagation and Propagation Inhibitors |
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327 | (5) |
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332 | (1) |
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8.1.4 Photooxidation and Stabilization |
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332 | (1) |
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8.1.5 Lubricant and Fuel Stabilization |
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333 | (1) |
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8.1.6 Vitamins and Antioxidants in Food |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (8) |
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8.2.1 Foaming and Chemical Structure |
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336 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Chemical Structure of Antifoaming Agents |
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337 | (3) |
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8.2.3 Commercial Antifoaming Agents |
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340 | (3) |
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343 | (9) |
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8.4 Wetting and Wetting Agents |
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352 | (25) |
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355 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Thermodynamics of Wetting |
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356 | (2) |
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8.4.3 The Effects of Surfactants on Wetting and Spreading |
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358 | (6) |
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8.4.4 Fiber, Yarn, and Textile Wetting |
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364 | (3) |
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8.4.5 Commercially Available Wetting Agents |
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367 | (10) |
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377 | (8) |
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CHAPTER
9. SOIL-AND STAIN-RESISTANT TEXTILE FINISHES |
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385 | (64) |
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9.1 Soiling and Soil-Resistant Finishes |
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385 | (31) |
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9.1.1 Types of Soil and the Character of Soiling |
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387 | (2) |
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9.1.2 Measurement of Textile Soiling |
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389 | (3) |
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9.1.3 Effect of Fiber, Yarn, and Fabric Structure on Soiling |
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392 | (1) |
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9.1.4 Fiber Surface Properties Affecting Soiling |
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393 | (2) |
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9.1.5 Soil-Resistant Finishes for Fibers and Textiles |
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395 | (21) |
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9.1.5.1 Metal Oxides and Salts for Fabric Treatment |
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396 | (1) |
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9.1.5.2 Carboxymethyl Cellulose Finishes for Soil Resistance |
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397 | (1) |
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9.1.5.3 Acrylic and Vinyl Polymer Soil-Repellant Finishes |
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397 | (2) |
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9.1.5.4 Silicone Soil-Resistant Finishes |
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399 | (2) |
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9.1.5.5 Fluorochemical Compounds Affecting Textile Soiling |
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401 | (14) |
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9.1.5.6 Miscellaneous Chemicals Affecting Fabric Soiling |
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415 | (1) |
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9.2 Staining and Stain-Resistant Finishes |
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416 | (21) |
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9.2.1 Types of Staining Materials |
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417 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Laboratory Evaluation of Carpet Staining |
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420 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Chemicals Used as Stain-Resistant Additives |
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422 | (11) |
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9.2.4 Yarn Processing and Procedures for Stainblocker Application |
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433 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Mechanism of Stainblocking |
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434 | (3) |
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437 | (12) |
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CHAPTER
10. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF FINISH MATERIALS |
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449 | (30) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (2) |
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10.4 Oxidation of Organic Matter |
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454 | (4) |
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10.5 Prediction of Waste Degradation |
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458 | (5) |
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10.5.1 Nonspecific Methods |
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458 | (4) |
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10.5.1.1 Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) |
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458 | (1) |
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10.5.1.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) |
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459 | (1) |
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10.5.1.3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
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460 | (1) |
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10.5.1.4 River Die-Away Test |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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10.6 Degradation of Specific Chemicals |
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463 | (13) |
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10.6.1 Mineral Oils and Other Petroleum Products |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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10.6.3 Nonionic Surfactants |
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466 | (10) |
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476 | (3) |
| AUTHOR INDEX |
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479 | (8) |
| SUBJECT INDEX |
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487 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta