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E-raamat: Handbook of Frequency Allocations and Spectrum Protection for Scientific Uses: Second Edition

  • Formaat: 280 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Nov-2015
  • Kirjastus: National Academies Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309376600
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  • Formaat: 280 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Nov-2015
  • Kirjastus: National Academies Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309376600

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The electromagnetic spectrum is a vital part of our environment. Measures of radio frequency emissions from natural phenomena enable both practical applications, such as weather predictions and studies of the changing of Earth's climate here at home, and reveal the physical properties of cosmic sources. The spectrum is therefore a resource to be used wisely now and to be protected for future generations.



Handbook of Frequency Allocations and Spectrum Protection for Scientific Uses: Second Edition sets forth the principles for the allocation and protection of spectral bands for services using the radio spectrum for scientific research. This report describes the radio frequency bands used by scientific services and includes relevant regulatory information and discussion of scientific use of frequency bands. This reference will guide spectrum managers and spectrum regulatory bodies on science issues and serve as a resource to scientists and other spectrum users.

Table of Contents



Front Matter Summary 1 Radio Frequency Regulation for the Scientific Services 2 Scientific Background: Radio Astronomy Service 3 Scientific Background: Earth Exploration Satellite Service 4 Technical Aspects of Protection for the Scientific Use of the Radio Spectrum 5 Science Service Allocations Appendixes Appendix A: Definitions of Terms Appendix B: IEEE Standard Letter Designations for Radar Bands Appendix C: International Astronomical Union Spectral Lines of Most Importance Below 300 GHz Appendix D: International Astronomical Union Spectral Lines of Most Importance Between 300 and 1000 GHz Appendix E: International Astronomical Union Spectral Lines of Most Importance Above 1 THz Appendix F: Use of 0 dBi for Sidelobe Gain in Calculations of Interference in Radio Astronomy Bands Appendix G: Selected Rules and Regulations of the Federal Communications Commission Appendix H: Selected Acronyms and Abbreviations
Summary 1(2)
1 Radio Frequency Regulation For The Scientific Services
3(13)
1.1 Frequency Protection Goals for the Scientific Services
3(1)
1.2 Regulatory Structures
4(4)
1.3 Radio Astronomy Service
8(1)
1.4 Earth Exploration Satellite Service
8(1)
1.5 Other Scientific Services
9(2)
1.5.1 The Meteorological Satellite Service and Meteorological Aids Service
9(1)
1.5.2 The Space Research and Space Operations Services
10(1)
1.5.3 Frequency, Time, and Position Systems
10(1)
1.6 The Economic Value of the Science Services
11(5)
1.6.1 Investments in Infrastructure
11(1)
1.6.2 Technologies and Techniques Developed from Radio Astronomy
11(1)
1.6.3 The Value of Satellite Remote Sensing
12(2)
1.6.4 Education for Scientific Literacy
14(2)
2 Scientific Background: Radio Astronomy Service
16(36)
2.1 Introduction and Overview
16(11)
2.1.1 Types of Radio Emission: Radio Continuum
17(2)
2.1.2 Types of Radio Emission: Spectral Lines
19(4)
2.1.3 Atmospheric Windows and Frequency Bands for Radio Astronomy
23(4)
2.2 The Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
27(7)
2.2.1 The Sun
27(2)
2.2.2 Geodesy
29(1)
2.2.3 Comets and Asteroids
29(1)
2.2.4 Radar Astronomy
30(2)
2.2.5 Our Solar System
32(1)
2.2.6 Extrasolar Planets
32(2)
2.2.7 Prebiotic Chemical Evolution
34(1)
2.2.8 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
34(1)
2.3 The Milky Way and Other Galaxies
34(10)
2.3.1 The Interstellar Medium: Neutral and Ionized Atomic Gas
35(1)
2.3.2 The Interstellar Medium: Cold Molecular Gas
35(2)
2.3.3 The Interstellar Medium: Dust
37(1)
2.3.4 Masers
38(1)
2.3.5 Magnetic Fields
38(1)
2.3.6 Stars and Stellar Processes
39(1)
2.3.7 Pulsars and Gravitational Waves
39(1)
2.3.8 Galactic Structure and Dark Matter
40(1)
2.3.9 Extragalactic Distance Estimates
41(3)
2.4 Active Galaxies
44(3)
2.4.1 Radio Galaxies, Quasars, and Active Galactic Nuclei
44(2)
2.4.2 Starburst Galaxies
46(1)
2.4.3 Cosmic Magnegtic Fields
46(1)
2.5 Cosmology and Structure of the Universe
47(5)
2.5.1 Cosmic Microwave Background
47(1)
2.5.2 Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Cosmic Evolution
48(1)
2.5.3 Clusters of Galaxies
49(1)
2.5.4 Galaxies in the Early Universe
49(1)
2.5.5 Epoch of Re-ionization
49(3)
3 Scientific Background: Earth Exploration Satellite Service
52(34)
3.1 Introduction
52(6)
3.1.1 Passive Sensing
54(2)
3.1.2 Active Sensing
56(2)
3.2 Atmosphere
58(11)
3.2.1 Temperature Profiling
59(1)
3.2.2 Water Vapor Profiling
59(1)
3.2.3 Integrated Precipitable Water
60(1)
3.2.4 Precipitation
61(3)
3.2.5 Atmospheric Chemistry
64(1)
3.2.6 Clouds
65(2)
3.2.7 Ionosphere
67(2)
3.3 Terrestrial Hydrology
69(2)
3.3.1 Soil Moisture
69(1)
3.3.2 Freeze/Thaw
70(1)
3.3.3 Surface Water
70(1)
3.4 Cryosphere
71(6)
3.4.1 Glaciers and Ice Sheets
72(1)
3.4.2 Sea Ice and Icebergs
73(3)
3.4.3 Seasonal Snow Pack
76(1)
3.4.4 Lake and River Ice
76(1)
3.4.5 Permafrost
77(1)
3.5 Oceans
77(5)
3.5.1 Sea Surface Temperatures
78(1)
3.5.2 Sea Surface Salinity
78(2)
3.5.3 Sea Surface Winds
80(1)
3.5.4 Sea Topography
81(1)
3.6 Solid Earth and Biosphere
82(4)
3.6.1 Surface Dynamics and Deformation
83(1)
3.6.2 Agricultural Productivity
83(1)
3.6.3 Terrestrial Carbon Storage
84(2)
4 Technical Aspects Of Protection For The Scientific Use Of The Radio Spectrum
86(17)
4.1 Radio Frequency Interference
87(5)
4.1.1 Radio Astronomy Considerations
87(1)
4.1.2 Remote Sensing Considerations
88(1)
4.1.3 Out-of-Band and Spurious Signals
89(1)
4.1.4 Percentage of Time Lost to Interference
90(2)
4.2 Separation of Incompatible Services
92(4)
4.2.1 Geographic Separation
92(3)
4.2.2 Spectral Separation
95(1)
4.2.3 Temporal Separation
95(1)
4.3 Mitigation Techniques for Radio Astronomy
96(3)
4.3.1 Advanced Modulation
97(1)
4.3.2 Filtering in Radio Astronomy Receivers
97(1)
4.3.3 Filtering in Transmitters
97(1)
4.3.4 Transmitter Beam Shaping
98(1)
4.3.5 Interferometric Excision
98(1)
4.4 Mitigation Techniques for Passive Remote Sensing
99(1)
4.4.1 Sub-banding
99(1)
4.4.2 Digitization and Signal Excision
99(1)
4.5 Goals for Additional Protection
100(3)
4.5.1 Bandwidths
100(1)
4.5.2 Unwanted Emissions
100(1)
4.5.3 New Frequencies of Interest
101(1)
4.5.4 Dynamic Scheduling and Access Coordination
101(2)
5 Science Service Allocations
103(128)
Appendixes
A Definition of Terms
231(3)
B IEEE Standard Letter Designations for Radar Bands
234(3)
C International Astronomical Union Spectral Lines of Most Importance Below 300 GHz
237(4)
D International Astronomical Union Spectral Lines of Most Importance Between 300 and 1000 GHz
241(3)
E International Astronomical Union Spectral Lines of Most Importance Above 1 THz
244(13)
F Use of 0 dBi for Sidelobe Gain in Calculations of Interference in Radio Astronomy Bands
257(2)
G Selected Rules and Regulations of the Federal Communications Commission
259(1)
H Selected Acronyms and Abbreviations
260