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E-raamat: Handbook of Gasification Technology: Science, Processes, and Applications

James G. Speight (CD-WINC, Laramie, Wyoming)

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Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781118773673

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ISBN-13: 9781118773673

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"Gasification is one of the most important advancements that has ever occurred in energy production. Using this technology, for example, coal can be gasified into a product that has roughly half the carbon footprint of coal. On a large scale, gasification could be considered a revolutionary development, not only prolonging the life of carbon-based fuels, but making them "greener" and cleaner. As long as much of the world still depends on fossil fuels, gasification will be an environmentally friendlier choice for energy production. But gasification is not just used for fossil fuels. Waste products that would normally be dumped into landfills or otherwise disposed of can be converted into energy through the process of gasification. The same is true of biofeedstocks and other types of feedstocks, thus making another argument for the widespread use of gasification. The Handbook of Gasification Technology covers all aspects of the gasification, in a "one-stop shop," from the basic science of gasification and why it is needed to the energy sources, processes, chemicals, materials, and machinery used in the technology. Whether a veteran engineer or scientist using it as a reference or a professor using it as a textbook, this outstanding new volume is a must-have for any library"--

Gasification is one of the most important advancements that has ever occurred in energy production.  Using this technology, for example, coal can be gasified into a product that has roughly half the carbon footprint of coal.  On a large scale, gasification could be considered a revolutionary development, not only prolonging the life of carbon-based fuels, but making them “greener” and cleaner.  As long as much of the world still depends on fossil fuels, gasification will be an environmentally friendlier choice for energy production.

But gasification is not just used for fossil fuels.  Waste products that would normally be dumped into landfills or otherwise disposed of can be converted into energy through the process of gasification.  The same is true of biofeedstocks and other types of feedstocks, thus making another argument for the widespread use of gasification.

The Handbook of Gasification Technology covers all aspects of the gasification, in a “one-stop shop,” from the basic science of gasification and why it is needed to the energy sources, processes, chemicals, materials, and machinery used in the technology.  Whether a veteran engineer or scientist using it as a reference or a professor using it as a textbook, this outstanding new volume is a must-have for any library.

Preface

xiv

Part 1: Synthesis Gas Production

(140)

1 Energy Sources and Energy Supply

(32)

1.1 Introduction

(3)

1.2 Typical Energy Sources

(5)

1.2.1 Natural Gas and Natural Gas Hydrates

(1)

1.2.2 The Crude Oil Family

(3)

1.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen

(1)

1.3 Other Energy Sources

(11)

1.3.1 Coal

(2)

1.3.2 Oil Shale

(2)

1.3.3 Biomass

(3)

1.3.4 Solid Waste

(3)

1.4 Energy Supply

(3)

1.4.1 Economic Factors

(1)

1.4.2 Geopolitical Factors

(1)

1.4.3 Physical Factors

(1)

1.4.4 Technological Factors

(1)

1.5 Energy Independence

(4)

References

(6)

2 Overview of Gasification

(32)

2.1 Introduction

(3)

2.2 Gasification Processes

(3)

2.2.1 Processes

(1)

2.3 Feedstocks

(11)

2.3.1 Influence of Feedstock Quality

(2)

2.3.2 Feedstock Preparation

(3)

2.3.2.1 Crushing/Sizing/Drying

(1)

2.3.2.2 Pelletizing and Briquetting

(1)

2.4 Power Generation

(1)

2.5 Synthetic-Fuel Production

(5)

2.5.1 Gaseous Products

(2)

2.5.1.1 Synthesis Gas

(1)

2.5.1.2 Low Btu Gas

(1)

2.5.1.3 Medium Btu Gas

(1)

2.5.1.4 High Heat-Content Gas

(1)

2.5.2 Liquid Fuels

(1)

2.5.3 Tar

(1)

2.6 Advantages and Limitations

(2)

2.7 Market Developments and Outlook

(2)

References

(5)

3 Gasifier Types- Designs and Engineering

(40)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Gasifier Types

(15)

3.2.1 Fixed Bed Gasifier

(3)

3.2.2 Fluid Bed Gasifier

(3)

3.2.3 Entrained Bed Gasifier

(1)

3.2.4 Molten Salt Gasifier

(1)

3.2.5 Plasma Gasifier

(2)

3.2.6 Slagging Gasifier

(1)

3.2.7 Other Types

(1)

3.3 Designs

(9)

3.3.1 General Design Aspects

(1)

3.3.2 Chemical and Physical Aspects

(5)

3.3.2.1 Chemical Aspects

(1)

3.3.2.2 Influence of Feedstock Quality

(2)

3.3.2.3 Mineral Matter Content

(1)

3.3.2.4 Mixed Feedstocks

(1)

3.3.2.5 Moisture Content

(1)

3.3.3 Physical Effects

(2)

3.3.3.1 Bulk Density

(1)

3.3.3.2 Char Gasification

(1)

3.3.3.3 Devolatilization and Volatile Matter Production

(1)

3.3.3.4 Particle Size and Distribution

(1)

3.4 Mechanism

(4)

3.4.1 Primary Gasification

(1)

3.4.2 Secondary Gasification

(1)

3.4.3 Hydrogasification

(1)

3.4.4 Catalytic Gasification

(1)

3.5 Energy Balance

(1)

3.6 Gasifier-Feedstock Compatibility

(2)

3.6.1 Feedstock Reactivity

(1)

3.6.2 Energy Content

(1)

3.7 Products

(4)

3.7.1 Gases

100

(2)

3.7.2 Tar

102

(1)

References

103

(4)

4 Chemistry, Thermodynamics, and Kinetics

107

(34)

4.1 Introduction

107

(1)

4.2 Chemistry

108

(16)

4.2.1 Pretreatment

109

(1)

4.2.2 Gasification Reactions

110

(12)

4.2.2.1 Primary Gasification

113

(1)

4.2.2.2 Secondary Gasification

114

(3)

4.2.2.3 Water Gas Shift Reaction

117

(1)

4.2.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Gasification

118

(1)

4.2.2.5 Hydrogasification

119

(1)

4.2.2.6 Methanation

120

(1)

4.2.2.7 Catalytic Gasification

121

(1)

4.2.2.8 Effect of Process Parameters

122

(1)

4.2.3 Physical Effects

122

(2)

4.3 Thermodynamics and Kinetics

124

(4)

4.3.1 Thermodynamics

126

(1)

4.3.2 Kinetics

127

(1)

4.4 Products

128

(10)

4.4.1 Gaseous Products

131

(4)

4.4.1.1 Low Btu Gas

132

(1)

4.4.1.2 Medium Btu Gas

133

(1)

4.4.1.3 High Btu Gas

134

(1)

4.4.1.4 Synthesis Gas

134

(1)

4.4.2 Liquid Products

135

(1)

4.4.3 Tar

136

(1)

4.4.4 Soot

136

(1)

4.4.5 Char

137

(1)

4.4.6 Slag

138

(1)

References

138

(3)

Part 2: Process Feedstocks

141

(180)

5 Coal Gasification

143

(30)

5.1 Introduction

143

(4)

5.2 Coal Types and Reactions

147

(5)

5.2.1 Types

148

(1)

5.2.2 Reactions

149

(2)

5.2.3 Properties

151

(1)

5.3 Processes

152

(8)

5.3.1 Coal Devolatilization

154

(1)

5.3.2 Char Gasification

154

(1)

5.3.3 Gasification Chemistry

155

(1)

5.3.4 Other Process Options

156

(2)

5.3.4.1 Hydrogasification

157

(1)

5.3.4.2 Catalytic Gasification

157

(1)

5.3.4.3 Plasma Gasification

158

(1)

5.3.5 Process Optimization

158

(2)

5.4 Product Quality

160

(4)

5.4.1 Low Btu Gas

160

(1)

5.4.2 Medium Btu Gas

161

(1)

5.4.3 High Btu Gas

161

(1)

5.4.4 Methane

162

(1)

5.4.5 Hydrogen

162

(1)

5.4.6 Other Products

163

(1)

5.5 Chemicals Production

164

(4)

5.5.1 Coal Tar Chemicals

164

(2)

5.5.2 Fischer-Tropsch Chemicals

166

(11)

5.5.2.1 Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts

167

(1)

5.5.2.2 Product Distribution

168

(1)

5.6 Advantages and Limitations

168

(1)

References

169

(4)

6 Gasification of Viscous Feedstock

173

(28)

6.1 Introduction

173

(4)

6.2 Viscous Feedstocks

177

(11)

6.2.1 Crude Oil Resids

178

(2)

6.2.2 Heavy Crude Oil

180

(1)

6.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil

180

(1)

6.2.4 Tar Sand Bitumen

181

(1)

6.2.5 Other Feedstocks

182

(6)

6.2.5.1 Crude Oil Coke

183

(2)

6.2.5.2 Solvent Deasphalter Bottoms

185

(2)

6.2.5.3 Asphalt, Tar, and Pitch

187

(1)

6.3 Gas Production

188

(5)

6.3.1 Partial Oxidation Technology

189

(3)

6.3.1.1 Shell Gasification Process

191

(1)

6.3.1.2 Texaco Process

191

(1)

6.3.1.3 Phillips Process

192

(1)

6.3.2 Catalytic Partial Oxidation

192

(1)

6.4 Products

193

(2)

6.4.1 Gas Purification and Quality

194

(1)

6.4.2 Process Optimization

195

(1)

6.5 Advantages and Limitations

195

(3)

References

198

(3)

7 Gasification of Biomass

201

(48)

7.1 Introduction

201

(4)

7.2 Biomass Types and Mixed Feedstocks

205

(9)

7.2.1 Biomass

205

(4)

7.2.2 Black Liquor

209

(1)

7.2.3 Mixed Feedstocks

210

(4)

7.2.3.1 Biomass with Coal

211

(2)

7.2.3.2 Biomass with Waste

213

(1)

7.3 Chemistry

214

(11)

7.3.1 General Aspects

215

(3)

7.3.2 Reactions

218

(7)

7.3.2.1 Water Gas Shift Reaction

222

(1)

7.3.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Gasification

222

(1)

7.3.2.3 Hydrogasification

223

(1)

7.3.2.4 Methanation

224

(1)

7.4 Gasification Processes

225

(7)

7.4.1 Gasifiers

226

(5)

7.4.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

231

(1)

7.5 Gas Production and Products

232

(8)

7.5.1 Gas Production

233

(1)

7.5.2 Products

234

(4)

7.5.2.1 Synthesis Gas

235

(1)

7.5.2.2 Low-Btu Gas

236

(1)

7.5.2.3 Medium-Btu Gas

237

(1)

7.5.2.4 High-Btu Gas

237

(1)

7.5.3 Liquid Products

238

(1)

7.5.4 Solid Products

239

(1)

7.6 The Future

240

(3)

References

243

(6)

8 Gasification of Waste

249

(26)

8.1 Introduction

249

(2)

8.2 Waste Types

251

(4)

8.2.1 Solid Waste

251

(1)

8.2.2 Municipal Solid Waste

252

(1)

8.2.3 Industrial Solid Waste

253

(1)

8.2.4 Biosolids

254

(1)

8.2.5 Biomedical Waste

254

(1)

8.2.6 Mixed Feedstocks

255

(1)

8.3 Feedstock Properties and Plant Safety

255

(1)

8.4 Fuel Production

256

(8)

8.4.1 Pre-Processing

257

(2)

8.4.2 Gasifier Types

259

(3)

8.4.2.1 Counter-Current Fixed Bed Gasifier

259

(1)

8.4.2.2 Co-Current Fixed Bed Gasifier

259

(1)

8.4.2.3 Fluidized Bed Gasifier

260

(1)

8.4.2.4 Entrained Flow Gasifier

260

(1)

8.4.2.5 Other Types

261

(1)

8.4.3 Process Design

262

(1)

8.4.4 Plasma Gasification

263

(1)

8.5 Process Products

264

(6)

8.5.1 Synthesis Gas

264

(1)

8.5.2 Carbon Dioxide

265

(1)

8.5.3 Tar

265

(2)

8.5.4 Particulate Matter

267

(1)

8.5.5 Halogens/Acid Gases

267

(1)

8.5.6 Heavy Metals

268

(1)

8.5.7 Alkalis

269

(1)

8.5.8 Slag

269

(1)

8.6 Advantages and Limitation

270

(1)

References

271

(4)

9 Gas Cleaning

275

(46)

9.1 Introduction

275

(2)

9.2 Gas Streams

277

(5)

9.3 Water Removal

282

(3)

9.3.1 Absorption

282

(1)

9.3.2 Adsorption

283

(2)

9.3.3 Cryogenics

285

(1)

9.4 Acid Gas Removal

285

(12)

9.4.1 Adsorption

287

(1)

9.4.2 Absorption

288

(1)

9.4.3 Chemisorption

289

(5)

9.4.4 Other Processes

294

(3)

9.5 Removal of Condensable Hydrocarbons

297

(5)

9.5.1 Extraction

299

(1)

9.5.2 Absorption

300

(1)

9.5.3 Fractionation

300

(1)

9.5.4 Enrichment

301

(1)

9.6 Tar Removal

302

(2)

9.6.1 Physical Methods

302

(2)

9.6.2 Thermal Methods

304

(1)

9.7 Particulate Matter Removal

304

(2)

9.7.1 Cyclones

304

(1)

9.7.2 Electrostatic Precipitators

305

(1)

9.7.3 Granular-Bed Filters

305

(1)

9.7.4 Wet Scrubbers

306

(1)

9.8 Other Contaminant Removal

306

(7)

9.8.1 Nitrogen Removal

307

(1)

9.8.2 Ammonia Removal

308

(1)

9.8.3 Siloxane Removal

308

(1)

9.8.4 Alkali Metal Salt Removal

309

(1)

9.8.5 Biological Methods

309

(4)

9.8.5.1 Biofiltration

310

(2)

9.8.5.2 Bioscrubbing

312

(1)

9.8.5.3 Bio-Oxidation

313

(1)

9.9 Tail Gas Cleaning

313

(3)

9.9.1 Claus Process

314

(1)

9.9.2 SCOT Process

315

(1)

References

316

(5)

Part 3: Applications

321

(166)

10 Gasification in a Refinery

323

(30)

10.1 Introduction

323

(1)

10.2 Processes and Feedstocks

324

(8)

10.2.1 Gasification of Residua

327

(1)

10.2.2 Gasification of Residua with Coal

328

(1)

10.2.3 Gasification of Residua with Biomass

328

(2)

10.2.4 Gasification of Residua with Waste

330

(2)

10.3 Synthetic Fuel Production

332

(8)

10.3.1 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

334

(1)

10.3.2 Fischer Tropsch Liquids

334

(2)

10.3.3 Upgrading Fischer-Tropsch Liquids

336

(4)

10.3.3.1 Gasoline Production

338

(1)

10.3.3.2 Diesel Production

339

(1)

10.4 Sabatier-Senderens Process

340

(4)

10.4.1 Methanol Production

341

(1)

10.4.2 Dimethyl Ether Production

342

(2)

10.5 The Future

344

(3)

References

347

(6)

11 Hydrogen Production

353

(28)

11.1 Introduction

353

(6)

11.2 Processes Requiring Hydrogen

359

(3)

11.2.1 Hydrotreating

360

(1)

11.2.2 Hydrocracking

361

(1)

11.3 Feedstocks

362

(1)

11.4 Process Chemistry

362

(2)

11.5 Commercial Processes

364

(6)

11.5.1 Autothermal Reforming

365

(1)

11.5.2 Combined Reforming

366

(1)

11.5.3 Dry Reforming

367

(1)

11.5.4 Steam-Methane Reforming

367

(3)

11.5.5 Steam-Naphtha Reforming

370

(1)

11.6 Catalysts

370

(3)

11.6.1 Reforming Catalysts

371

(1)

11.6.2 Shift Conversion Catalysts

372

(1)

11.6.3 Methanation Catalysts

373

(1)

11.7 Hydrogen Purification

373

(3)

11.7.1 Cryogenic Separation

374

(1)

11.7.2 Desiccant Separation Systems

374

(1)

11.7.3 Membrane Separation Systems

374

(1)

11.7.4 Pressure Swing Adsorption Separation Systems

375

(1)

11.7.5 Wet Scrubbing Systems

376

(1)

11.8 Hydrogen Management

376

(1)

References

377

(4)

12 Fischer-Tropsch Process

381

(46)

12.1 Introduction

381

(4)

12.2 History and Development of the Process

385

(3)

12.3 Synthesis Gas

388

(3)

12.4 Production of Synthesis Gas

391

(6)

12.4.1 Feedstocks

393

(3)

12.4.2 Product Distribution

396

(1)

12.5 Process Parameters

397

(3)

12.6 Reactors and Catalysts

400

(6)

12.6.1 Reactors

400

(2)

12.6.2 Catalysts

402

(4)

12.7 Products and Product Quality

406

(9)

12.7.1 Products

407

(5)

12.7.2.1 Gases

407

(1)

12.7.1.2 Liquids

407

(5)

12.7.2 Product Quality

412

(3)

12.7.3 Upgrading Fischer-Tropsch Liquids

415

(1)

12.8 Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry

415

(8)

12.8.1 Chemical Principles

416

(5)

12.8.2 Refining Fischer-Tropsch Products

421

(2)

References

423

(4)

13 Fuels and Chemicals Production

427

(40)

13.1 Introduction

427

(11)

13.2 Historical Aspects and Overview

438

(2)

13.3 The Petrochemical Industry

440

(5)

13.4 Petrochemicals

445

(12)

13.4.1 Primary Petrochemicals

446

(1)

13.4.2 Products

447

(6)

13.4.3 Gaseous Fuels and Chemicals

453

(2)

13.4.3.1 Ammonia

453

(1)

13.4.3.2 Hydrogen

454

(1)

13.4.3.3 Synthetic Natural Gas

455

(1)

13.4.4 Liquid Fuels and Chemicals

455

(13)

13.4.4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Liquids

455

(1)

13.4.4.2 Methanol

456

(1)

13.4.4.3 Dimethyl Ether

456

(1)

13.4.4.4 Methanol-to-Gasoline and Olefins

456

(1)

13.4.4.5 Other Chemicals

457

(1)

13.5 The Future

457

(6)

References

463

(4)

14 Gasification - A Process for Now and the Future

467

(20)

14.1 Introduction

467

(1)

14.2 Applications and Products

468

(7)

14.2.1 Chemicals and Fertilizers

468

(1)

14.2.2 Substitute Natural Gas

469

(1)

14.2.3 Hydrogen for Crude Oil Refining

470

(1)

14.2.4 Transportation Fuels

470

(1)

14.2.5 Transportation Fuels from Tar Sand Bitumen

471

(1)

14.2.6 Power Generation

472

(1)

14.2.7 Waste-to-Energy

473

(1)

14.2.8 Biomass to Chemicals and Fuels

473

(2)

14.3 Environmental Benefits

475

(2)

14.3.1 Carbon Dioxide

476

(1)

14.3.2 Air Emissions

476

(1)

14.3.3 Solids Generation

477

(1)

14.3.4 Water Use

477

(1)

14.4 Gasification - The Future

477

(5)

14.4.1 The Process

478

(1)

14.4.2 Refinery of the Future

479

(1)

14.4.3 Economic Aspects

480

(1)

14.4.4 Market Outlook

481

(1)

14.5 Market Development

482

(1)

14.6 Outlook

483

(2)

References

485

(2)

Conversion Factors

487

(4)

Glossary

491

(28)

About the Author

519

(2)

Index

521

James G. Speight, PhD, has more than forty-five years of experience in energy, environmental science, and ethics. He is the author of more than 65 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, biomass and biofuels, and environmental sciences. Although he has always worked in private industry which focused on contract-based work, Dr. Speight has served as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemical and Fuels Engineering at the University of Utah and in the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Wyoming. In addition, he was a Visiting Professor in the College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq and has also been a Visiting Professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of Missouri-Columbia, the Technical University of Denmark, and the University of Trinidad and Tobago.

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