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E-raamat: Handbook of Operant Behavior

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Edited by J. E. R. Staddon, Edited by Werner K. Honig (Dalhousie University)

Formaat: PDF+DRM
Sari: Psychology Press & Routledge Classic Editions
Ilmumisaeg: 21-Feb-2022
Kirjastus: Routledge
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781000528879

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Sari: Psychology Press & Routledge Classic Editions
Ilmumisaeg: 21-Feb-2022
Kirjastus: Routledge
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781000528879

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This classic edition of the Handbook of Operant Behavior presents seminal work in the field of learning and behavior, foreshadowing a new direction for learning research, and presenting many questions that remain unanswered.

Featuring impressive contributions from leading figures across the fieldranging from N. J. Mackintosh from what was to become the cognitive school through Morse, Kelleher, Hutchinson, and Hineline on the neglected topic of aversive control to Blough and Blough on psychophysics to Philip Teitelbaum on behavioral physiologythe book is a must-read for anyone interested in human and animal learning.

In a newly written introduction, J. E. R. Staddon highlights several issues that deserve more attention: how language is learned and syntax evolves, how animals choose, and a new paradigm for the study of learning in general. The book is essential reading for all students and researchers of learning and behavior, and aims to encourage researchers to revisit some of the fascinating behavioral questions raised by the original book.

Introduction To The Classic Edition

Acknowledgements

Contributors

xvii

Introduction

(6)

Werner K. Honig

J. E. R. Staddon

References

(1)

1 Levels Of Integration Of The Operant

(21)

Philip Teitelbaum

Introduction

(1)

Historical Background

(4)

The Operant as a Criterion for Motivation

(1)

Puzzling Operants

(1)

Similar Puzzles in Motivated Behavior

(2)

Recovery from Lateral Hypothalamic Lesions

(1)

Parallel Between Recovery and Development in the Lateral Hypothalamic Syndrome

(2)

Stages of Recovery and Development of the Human Grasp

(1)

Transformation of Sensory Control over an Approach Response

(1)

Stages of Recovery and Development of Learned Behavior

(1)

Stages of Encephalization of the Operant

(3)

Summary and Conclusions: Levels of Operant Behavior

(1)

References

(4)

2 The Operant Revisited

(25)

George Collier

Edward Hirsch

Robin Kanarek

Introduction

(6)

Free Feeding

(2)

Availability

(7)

Caloric Regulation and Choice of Dietary Items

(1)

Other Environmental Constraints

(1)

Response Strength

(2)

Food Economy

(3)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(3)

3 Pavlovian Control Of Operant Behavior

(72)

Barry Schwartz

Elkan Gamzu

Introduction

(1)

Autoshaping and Automaintenance

(17)

The Role of Stimulus-Reinforcer Relations in the Control of Behavior Maintained by Response-Reinforcer Relations

(20)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(6)

The Nature Of Reinforcing Stimuli

(1)

Philip Dunham A Historical Perspective

(3)

Premack's Reinforcement Theory

101

(11)

Biological Constraints on Reinforcement

112

(10)

Concluding Comments

122

(1)

References

123

(2)

5 Schedule-Induced Behavior

125

(28)

J. E. R. Staddon

Introduction

125

(1)

Behavior Induced by Periodic Food

126

(22)

Temporal and Sequential Structure of Induced Activities, HO Concluding Comments

148

(1)

References

148

(5)

6 Thermoregulatory Behavior

153

(21)

Evelyn Satinoff

Robert Hendersen

Introduction

153

(1)

Separation of Operant and Respondent Temperature Regulation

154

(2)

Using Behavior to Assess Regulation

156

(4)

Thermoregulation and the Concept of Set Point

160

(2)

Thermal Preference

162

(2)

Operant Contingencies in Thermal Homeostasis

164

(1)

The Operant as a Measure of Set Point After Drug Administration

165

(4)

References

169

(5)

7 Determinants Of Reinforcement And Punishment

174

(27)

W. H. Morse

R. T. Kelleher

Reproducible Behavioral Processes

174

(3)

The Continuity of Behavior in Time (Shaping)

177

(1)

Disparate Effects of Consequent Events

178

(2)

Ongoing Behavior

180

(3)

Characteristics of Responses

183

(1)

Adventitious Reinforcement and Punishment: Importance of History

184

(2)

Criteria for Comparing Consequent Events

186

(2)

Comparisons of the Effects of Drugs on Performances Maintained by Different Consequences

188

(4)

Drug Injections as Consequent Events Maintaining Behavior

192

(1)

Response-Produced Electric Shocks as Consequent Events Maintaining Behavior

193

(4)

Conclusions

197

(1)

References

198

(3)

8 Schedules Of Reinforcement: The Controlling Variables

201

(32)

Michael Zeiler

Introduction

201

(1)

Types of Schedules

202

(1)

Types of Controlling Relations: Variables and Effects

203

(3)

Variables Determining Response Frequency

206

(7)

Response Patterning: The Temporal Organization of Behavior

213

(8)

Sequences and Units

221

(7)

Summary and Concluding Remarks

228

(2)

References

230

(3)

9 Choice In Concurrent Schedules And A Quantitative Formulation Of The Law Of Effect

233

(55)

Peter de Villiers

Introduction

233

(1)

Concurrent Schedules

234

(1)

The Matching Relation in Concurrent VI Schedules-Reinforcement Frequency

235

(10)

Maximizing or Matching

245

(1)

Time Matching as the Fundamental Matching Process

246

(2)

The Generality of the Matching Relation

248

(9)

Absolute Rates of Responding and a Quantitative Law of Effect

257

(6)

Alternative Theories of Response Strength

263

(2)

Application of Herrnstein's Equations to Other Schedules

265

(7)

An Alternative Theory of Matching and Behavioral Contrast

272

(3)

Discussion

275

(3)

Conclusion

278

(1)

Appendix A

278

(1)

Appendix B

279

(1)

Appendix C

279

(2)

Appendix D

281

(1)

Appendix E

281

(1)

Appendix F

282

(1)

References

282

(6)

10 Conditioned Reinforcement: Schedule Effects

288

(25)

Lewis Gollub

Introduction

288

(1)

Chained Schedules of Reinforcement

289

(10)

Schedules of Brief Stimulus Presentation

299

(9)

Concluding Remarks

308

(1)

References

309

(4)

11 Conditioned Reinforcement: Choice And Information

313

(27)

Edmund Fantino

Introduction

313

(5)

Observing Responses and Conditioned Reinforcement

318

(8)

Choice and Conditioned Reinforcement

326

(10)

Conclusions

336

(1)

References

337

(3)

12 Conditioned Suppression And The Effects Of Classical Conditioning On Operant Behavior

340

(24)

Derek Blackman

Introduction

340

(1)

The Estes-Skinner Procedure and the Measurement of its Effects

341

(1)

Investigations of Classical Conditioning Parameters

342

(2)

Investigations of Operant Conditioning Parameters

344

(4)

Measurement of Conditioned Suppression

348

(3)

Some Interpretations of Conditioned Suppression

351

(7)

A Brief Review of Some Other Classic al-Operant Interactions

358

(2)

Conclusion

360

(1)

References

361

(3)

13 Negative Reinforcement And Avoidance

364

(51)

Philip N. Hineline

Introduction

364

(1)

Two Illustrative Experiments

365

(2)

Negative Reinforcement Without Added Cues

367

(14)

Negative Reinforcement With Added Cues

381

(25)

Considerations Regarding Initial Acquisition

406

(4)

References

410

(5)

14 By-Products Of Aversive Control

415

(17)

R. R. Hutchinson

Introduction

415

(1)

Methods

416

(2)

Behavior Caused by Aversive Stimulation

418

(7)

Behavior Caused by Aversive Stimuli in Escape Paradigms

425

(2)

Behavior Caused by Aversive Stimuli in Punishment Paradigms

427

(3)

References

430

(2)

15 Stimulus Control And Inhibitory Processes

432

(49)

Mark Rilling

Overview

432

(1)

The Definition and Measurement of Stimulus Control

433

(3)

Some Determinants of Generalization Gradients

436

(3)

Influence of Discrimination Training on the Generalization Gradient

439

(14)

Determinants of the Peak Shift and Inhibitory Stimulus Control

453

(11)

Errorless Learning Reconsidered

464

(11)

Summary

475

(1)

References

476

(5)

16 Stimulus Control: Attentional Factors

481

(33)

N. J. Mackintosh

Introduction

481

(2)

Conditions Affecting the Establishment of Stimulus Control

483

(5)

Experimental Procedures: Nondifferential Reinforcement and Discrimination Training

488

(17)

Discussion

505

(5)

References

510

(4)

17 Animal Psychophysics

514

(26)

Donald Blough

Patricia Blough

Introduction

514

(1)

Measuring Sensory Thresholds

515

(10)

Supraliminal Stimuli

525

(7)

Signal Detection Theory in Animal Psychophysics

532

(5)

References

537

(3)

18 Operant Behavioral Pharmacology

540

(30)

Travis Thompson

John J. Boren

Introduction

540

(3)

Principles of Drug Action

543

(8)

Analyzing Behavioral Mechanisms of Drug Action

551

(9)

Traditional Problems Formulated Within an Operant

Framework

560

(2)

Future of Behavioral Pharmacology

562

(4)

References

566

(4)

19 Central Reinforcement: A Bridge Between Brain Function And Behavior

570

(26)

Gordon Mogenson

Jan Cioe

Introduction

570

(2)

Methodological Considerations

572

(2)

Central Reinforcement Compared to Conventional Reinforcement

574

(6)

Some Implications of Comparing Central and Conventional Reinforcers

580

(1)

The Nature of Central Reinforcement

581

(7)

Summary

588

(1)

Appendix A

589

(1)

References

590

(6)

20 The Experimental Production Of Altered Physiological States: Concurrent And Contingent Behavioral Models

596

(23)

Joseph Brady

Alan Harris

Introduction

596

(1)

Concurrent Models

596

(2)

Recent Developments

598

(8)

Contingent Models

606

(5)

References

611

(8)

21 Procedures For The Acquisition Of Syntax

619

(9)

George Robinson

References

627

(1)

22 Toward A Coherent Psychology Of Language

628

(27)

Evalyn Segal

Toward a Coherent Psychology of Language

628

(1)

Competence: Performance :: Structure: Function

628

(1)

Chomsky's Standard Theory of Transformational-Generative Grammar

629

(3)

The Psychological Reality of Transformational-Generative Grammar

632

(1)

Skinner's Functional Theory of Verbal Behavior

633

(2)

Comments on Skinner's Functional Theory

635

(5)

Functionalism vs. Mentalism

640

(2)

The Complementarity of Functional and Cognitive Theory

642

(7)

Paraphrase, the Problematic Listener, and Mentalese

649

(2)

More on the Complementarity of Functional and Cognitive Theories

651

(1)

References

652

(3)

Author Index

655

(8)

Subject Index

663

J. E. R. Staddon is James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Professor of Biology Emeritus at Duke University. He has done research at Oxford University, the University of Sćo Paulo, the University of Mexico, the Ruhr Universität, Universität Konstanz, and the University of Western Australia. He was profiled in the Wall Street Journal in January 2021 as commentator on the current problems of science.

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