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E-raamat: Harmonising Regulatory and Antitrust Regimes for International Air Transport

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Harmonising Regulatory and Antitrust Regimes for International Air TransportSuurem pilt
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Harmonising Regulatory and Antitrust Regimes for International Air Transport addresses the timely and problematic issue of lack of uniformity in legal standards for international civil aviation. The book focuses on discrepancies within the regulatory and antitrust framework, comprehensively reveals the major legal limitations and conflicts, and presents possible solutions thereto. It discusses possible strategies for multilateralisation and defragmentation of air law, and for international harmonisation of airline economic regulation with fair competition standards. This discussion extends to competition between air transport law and other legal regimes as well as to specific regulatory problems related to air transport. The unique feature of the book is that it reconciles distinct perspectives on these issues presented by renowned aviation and aerospace experts who represent the world’s key air transport markets and air law academic centres.

By providing unbiased solutions that could serve as a base for future international arrangements, this book will be invaluable for aviation professionals, as well as students and scholars with an interest in air law, economic regulation, antitrust studies, international relations, transportation policy and airline management.

List of tables
xi
List of abbreviations
xii
List of legal acts
xiv
List of court rulings
xxii
List of administrative decisions
xxiv
Foreword from the editor xxvi
List of contributors
xxviii
PART 1 Multilateralisation of international civil aviation relations and defragmentation of international air law
1(20)
1 The seven decades of scattered skies
3(2)
Marek Zylicz
2 Multilateralization of international civil aviation relations and defragmentation of international air law
5(16)
Peter P.C. Haanappel
2.1 Introduction
5(1)
2.2 History
6(4)
2.2.1 1919-1944: the interbellum
6(1)
2.2.2 1945-1975: the regulatory period
7(2)
2.2.3 1975-today: deregulation and liberalization
9(1)
2.3 Economic theory and practice
10(1)
2.4 Airline privatization and multilateralization
11(2)
2.5 Intergovernmental multilateralization
13(3)
2.5.1 The United States
13(1)
2.5.2 The European Union
14(1)
2.5.3 Elsewhere
15(1)
2.6 Ownership and control of airlines
16(1)
2.7 Global reform
17(2)
2.7.1 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
17(1)
2.7.2 The World Trade Organization (WTO)
18(1)
2.8 Conclusions and prospects for multilateralization and defragmentation
19(2)
PART 2 Balancing air policy and fair competition in international air transport
21(84)
3 Airlines as allies: How to manage the market?
23(18)
Pablo Mendes De Leon
3.1 The trend towards international alliances
23(1)
3.2 The first significant case: KLM--Northwest airlines
24(1)
3.3 Competition and trade in air transport
25(1)
3.4 Airline behaviour affecting competition
26(1)
3.5 Competition regimes in air transport
27(4)
3.5.1 The US law and policy
27(1)
3.5.2 The EU regime
28(3)
3.5.3 Other countries
31(1)
3.6 Frictions between competition law and bilateral ASAs
31(2)
3.7 Implications of cross-border service provision
33(5)
3.7.1 The `effects' doctrine
33(1)
3.7.2 The Air Cargo Fuel Charges cases
34(2)
3.7.3 Multilateral efforts in harmonising competition laws
36(1)
3.7.4 Achievements on convergence of competition law and policy
37(1)
3.8 Conclusions and recommendations
38(3)
4 Regulatory schizophrenia: Mergers, alliances, metal-neutral joint ventures and the emergence of a global aviation cartel
41(33)
Paul S. Dempsey
4.1 Introduction
41(2)
4.2 The metamorphosis of air transport agreements
43(5)
4.3 Airline alliances
48(22)
4.3.1 Antitrust and competition: a succinct summary of US and EU laws
48(3)
4.3.2 Restraint of trade
51(2)
4.3.3 Mergers and consolidations
53(6)
4.3.4 Airline alliances and antitrust immunity
59(11)
4.4 Analysis
70(4)
5 Airline alliances: Permitted and prohibited practices in view of the EU law
74(14)
Agniesz-Ka Kunert-Diallo
5.1 Introduction
74(1)
5.2 Diversity of airline alliances
75(2)
5.3 Airline alliances in view of the EU competition law
77(3)
5.4 Airline alliances in view of market access regulations
80(6)
5.4.1 Combining services and code sharing
80(2)
5.4.2 Aircraft leasing
82(2)
5.4.3 Franchising and common branding
84(1)
5.4.4 Other inter-airline agreements
85(1)
5.5 Conclusions
86(2)
6 Competition in international air transport: An overview of EU policy developments
88(17)
Pawel Zagrajek
6.1 Competition in air transport
88(1)
6.2 International legal framework for competition in air transport
89(4)
6.3 Development of the EU competition policy in international air transport
93(3)
6.4 Pillars of the EU competition policy in international air transport
96(8)
6.4.1 Implementation of fair competition provisions in ASAs
96(1)
6.4.2 The defence instrument - Regulation 868/2004
97(5)
6.4.3 Promoting regulation of competition at die ICAO
102(2)
6.5 Conclusions
104(1)
PART 3 Competition between air transport law and other regulatory regimes
105(50)
7 Citius, Altius, Fortius: Regulating commercial spaceflight under air law or space law?
107(18)
Frans G. Von Der Dunk
7.1 Private commercial human space/light - the context
107(1)
7.2 The basic tenets of air law
108(2)
7.3 The basic tenets of space law
110(3)
7.4 Private manned spaceflight projects and the legal conundrum
113(2)
7.5 The US approach - stressing the `space' in `spaceflight'
115(3)
7.6 The European approach - stressing the flight' in `spaceflight'
118(4)
7.7 Finding the best mix
122(3)
8 Between global climate governance and unilateral action: The establishment of the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)
125(17)
Elena Carpanelli
8.1 Introduction
125(1)
8.2 A tale of two stories: the ICAO-EU `dialogue1 on the reduction of aviation emissions
126(6)
8.3 After CORSIA: unilateralism reloaded or the end of the game?
132(7)
8.3.1 Effectiveness of CORSIA
132(1)
8.3.2 Intersection between `legal orders' and the risk of a resurgence of unilateral drifts
133(4)
8.3.3 Interplay with other international norms
137(2)
8.4 CORSIA and market distortions
139(1)
8.5 Conclusions
140(2)
9 Airline non-commercial advantages and fair competition: The issue of labour conditions
142(13)
Andrea Trimarchi
9.1 Introduction
142(1)
9.2 Fair competition in aviation
143(2)
9.2.1 A patchwork of regulatory regimes
143(1)
9.2.2 The role of bilateralism
144(1)
9.3 The notion of `non-commercial advantages'
145(3)
9.3.1 Trade law and WTO
146(1)
9.3.2 EU Regulation 868/2004
147(1)
9.4 Labour standards as non-commercial advantages
148(2)
9.5 The regulation of labour in the aviation industry
150(2)
9.5.1 The choice of international forum
150(1)
9.5.2 The choice of legal instrument
151(1)
9.6 Concluding remarks
152(3)
PART 4 Regulation, deregulation or non-regulation of aerospace activities
155(65)
10 Cheap liberalisation: Cutting regulatory corners in air transport or cutting one's own throat?
157(20)
Jan Walulik
10.1 Introduction
157(1)
10.2 Air policy and regulation
157(1)
10.3 Liberalisation trends and drivers
158(6)
10.4 Safety oversight challenges
164(5)
10.5 Risks and safeguards
169(2)
10.6 Regulatory alternatives
171(4)
10.7 Summary
175(2)
11 Airline nationality: A reconstruction of the EU ownership and control rules
177(12)
Elmar M. Giemulla
11.1 Introduction
177(1)
11.2 Ownership and control as legal requirements
177(2)
11.3 Review of airline ownership and control
179(1)
11.4 Interpretative guidelines
180(6)
11.4.1 The notion of `nationality'
181(1)
11.4.2 EU regulations on control
182(1)
11.4.3 Former cases in the EU
182(2)
11.4.4 National guidelines on ownership and control
184(1)
11.4.5 EU guidelines on ownership and control
185(1)
11.5 Ownership and control assessment process
186(2)
11.5.1 German two step approach for licensing
186(1)
11.5.2 Ongoing compliance
187(1)
11.6 Conclusions
188(1)
12 Sub-orbital traffic: A new regulatory or non-regulatory discipline
189(13)
Malgorzata Polkowska
12.1 Introduction
189(1)
12.2 Regulatory challenges in outer space commercialization
190(7)
12.2.1 Status of sub-orbital flights
190(1)
12.2.2 Transit issues
191(1)
12.2.3 Registration of objects and operations
192(1)
12.2.4 Safety and security
193(1)
12.2.5 Passenger status
194(1)
12.2.6 Civil liability and insurance
194(2)
12.2.7 Ownership in space
196(1)
12.2.8 Criminal jurisdiction
197(1)
12.3 Results of the debate on space transport regulation
197(3)
12.4 Summary
200(2)
13 The need for regional liberalisation: The issue of Damascus Agreement of 2004
202(11)
Shadi A. Alshdaifat
Bashar H. Malkawi
13.1 Introduction
202(1)
13.2 Economic impact of aviation in Arab states
203(2)
13.3 Arab civil aviation liberalisation potential
205(2)
13.4 The Damascus Agreement of 2004
207(4)
13.5 Conclusions
211(2)
14 Air transport connectivity gap: Is regulation the answer?
213(7)
Piotr P. Dziubak
14.1 Air transport connectivity
213(1)
14.2 Measuring connectivity
214(1)
14.3 The connectivity gap
215(1)
14.4 Solutions to address connectivity gaps
216(3)
14.5 Conclusions
219(1)
Bibliography 220(15)
List of official documents and materials 235(5)
Index 240
Jan Walulik has a PhD in law; Head, Civil Aviation Laboratory, Centre for Antitrust and Regulatory Studies, Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw; corporate attorney (Warsaw bar).
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