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xi | |
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xii | |
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xiv | |
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xxii | |
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List of administrative decisions |
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xxiv | |
| Foreword from the editor |
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xxvi | |
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xxviii | |
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PART 1 Multilateralisation of international civil aviation relations and defragmentation of international air law |
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1 | (20) |
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1 The seven decades of scattered skies |
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3 | (2) |
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2 Multilateralization of international civil aviation relations and defragmentation of international air law |
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5 | (16) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (4) |
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2.2.1 1919-1944: the interbellum |
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6 | (1) |
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2.2.2 1945-1975: the regulatory period |
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7 | (2) |
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2.2.3 1975-today: deregulation and liberalization |
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9 | (1) |
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2.3 Economic theory and practice |
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10 | (1) |
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2.4 Airline privatization and multilateralization |
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11 | (2) |
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2.5 Intergovernmental multilateralization |
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13 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.6 Ownership and control of airlines |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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2.7.1 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.7.2 The World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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18 | (1) |
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2.8 Conclusions and prospects for multilateralization and defragmentation |
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19 | (2) |
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PART 2 Balancing air policy and fair competition in international air transport |
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21 | (84) |
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3 Airlines as allies: How to manage the market? |
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23 | (18) |
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3.1 The trend towards international alliances |
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23 | (1) |
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3.2 The first significant case: KLM--Northwest airlines |
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24 | (1) |
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3.3 Competition and trade in air transport |
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25 | (1) |
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3.4 Airline behaviour affecting competition |
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26 | (1) |
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3.5 Competition regimes in air transport |
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27 | (4) |
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3.5.1 The US law and policy |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (1) |
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3.6 Frictions between competition law and bilateral ASAs |
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31 | (2) |
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3.7 Implications of cross-border service provision |
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33 | (5) |
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3.7.1 The `effects' doctrine |
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33 | (1) |
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3.7.2 The Air Cargo Fuel Charges cases |
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34 | (2) |
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3.7.3 Multilateral efforts in harmonising competition laws |
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36 | (1) |
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3.7.4 Achievements on convergence of competition law and policy |
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37 | (1) |
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3.8 Conclusions and recommendations |
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38 | (3) |
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4 Regulatory schizophrenia: Mergers, alliances, metal-neutral joint ventures and the emergence of a global aviation cartel |
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41 | (33) |
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41 | (2) |
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4.2 The metamorphosis of air transport agreements |
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43 | (5) |
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48 | (22) |
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4.3.1 Antitrust and competition: a succinct summary of US and EU laws |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Mergers and consolidations |
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53 | (6) |
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4.3.4 Airline alliances and antitrust immunity |
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59 | (11) |
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70 | (4) |
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5 Airline alliances: Permitted and prohibited practices in view of the EU law |
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74 | (14) |
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74 | (1) |
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5.2 Diversity of airline alliances |
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75 | (2) |
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5.3 Airline alliances in view of the EU competition law |
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77 | (3) |
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5.4 Airline alliances in view of market access regulations |
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80 | (6) |
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5.4.1 Combining services and code sharing |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Franchising and common branding |
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84 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Other inter-airline agreements |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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6 Competition in international air transport: An overview of EU policy developments |
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88 | (17) |
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6.1 Competition in air transport |
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88 | (1) |
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6.2 International legal framework for competition in air transport |
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89 | (4) |
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6.3 Development of the EU competition policy in international air transport |
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93 | (3) |
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6.4 Pillars of the EU competition policy in international air transport |
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96 | (8) |
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6.4.1 Implementation of fair competition provisions in ASAs |
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96 | (1) |
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6.4.2 The defence instrument - Regulation 868/2004 |
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97 | (5) |
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6.4.3 Promoting regulation of competition at die ICAO |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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PART 3 Competition between air transport law and other regulatory regimes |
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105 | (50) |
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7 Citius, Altius, Fortius: Regulating commercial spaceflight under air law or space law? |
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107 | (18) |
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7.1 Private commercial human space/light - the context |
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107 | (1) |
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7.2 The basic tenets of air law |
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108 | (2) |
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7.3 The basic tenets of space law |
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110 | (3) |
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7.4 Private manned spaceflight projects and the legal conundrum |
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113 | (2) |
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7.5 The US approach - stressing the `space' in `spaceflight' |
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115 | (3) |
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7.6 The European approach - stressing the flight' in `spaceflight' |
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118 | (4) |
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122 | (3) |
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8 Between global climate governance and unilateral action: The establishment of the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) |
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125 | (17) |
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125 | (1) |
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8.2 A tale of two stories: the ICAO-EU `dialogue1 on the reduction of aviation emissions |
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126 | (6) |
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8.3 After CORSIA: unilateralism reloaded or the end of the game? |
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132 | (7) |
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8.3.1 Effectiveness of CORSIA |
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132 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Intersection between `legal orders' and the risk of a resurgence of unilateral drifts |
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133 | (4) |
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8.3.3 Interplay with other international norms |
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137 | (2) |
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8.4 CORSIA and market distortions |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (2) |
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9 Airline non-commercial advantages and fair competition: The issue of labour conditions |
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142 | (13) |
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142 | (1) |
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9.2 Fair competition in aviation |
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143 | (2) |
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9.2.1 A patchwork of regulatory regimes |
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143 | (1) |
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9.2.2 The role of bilateralism |
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144 | (1) |
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9.3 The notion of `non-commercial advantages' |
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145 | (3) |
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146 | (1) |
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9.3.2 EU Regulation 868/2004 |
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147 | (1) |
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9.4 Labour standards as non-commercial advantages |
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148 | (2) |
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9.5 The regulation of labour in the aviation industry |
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150 | (2) |
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9.5.1 The choice of international forum |
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150 | (1) |
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9.5.2 The choice of legal instrument |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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PART 4 Regulation, deregulation or non-regulation of aerospace activities |
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155 | (65) |
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10 Cheap liberalisation: Cutting regulatory corners in air transport or cutting one's own throat? |
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157 | (20) |
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157 | (1) |
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10.2 Air policy and regulation |
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157 | (1) |
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10.3 Liberalisation trends and drivers |
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158 | (6) |
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10.4 Safety oversight challenges |
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164 | (5) |
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10.5 Risks and safeguards |
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169 | (2) |
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10.6 Regulatory alternatives |
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171 | (4) |
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175 | (2) |
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11 Airline nationality: A reconstruction of the EU ownership and control rules |
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177 | (12) |
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177 | (1) |
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11.2 Ownership and control as legal requirements |
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177 | (2) |
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11.3 Review of airline ownership and control |
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179 | (1) |
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11.4 Interpretative guidelines |
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180 | (6) |
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11.4.1 The notion of `nationality' |
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181 | (1) |
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11.4.2 EU regulations on control |
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182 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Former cases in the EU |
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182 | (2) |
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11.4.4 National guidelines on ownership and control |
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184 | (1) |
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11.4.5 EU guidelines on ownership and control |
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185 | (1) |
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11.5 Ownership and control assessment process |
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186 | (2) |
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11.5.1 German two step approach for licensing |
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186 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Ongoing compliance |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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12 Sub-orbital traffic: A new regulatory or non-regulatory discipline |
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189 | (13) |
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189 | (1) |
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12.2 Regulatory challenges in outer space commercialization |
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190 | (7) |
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12.2.1 Status of sub-orbital flights |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Registration of objects and operations |
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192 | (1) |
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12.2.4 Safety and security |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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12.2.6 Civil liability and insurance |
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194 | (2) |
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12.2.7 Ownership in space |
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196 | (1) |
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12.2.8 Criminal jurisdiction |
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197 | (1) |
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12.3 Results of the debate on space transport regulation |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (2) |
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13 The need for regional liberalisation: The issue of Damascus Agreement of 2004 |
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202 | (11) |
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202 | (1) |
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13.2 Economic impact of aviation in Arab states |
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203 | (2) |
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13.3 Arab civil aviation liberalisation potential |
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205 | (2) |
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13.4 The Damascus Agreement of 2004 |
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207 | (4) |
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211 | (2) |
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14 Air transport connectivity gap: Is regulation the answer? |
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213 | (7) |
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14.1 Air transport connectivity |
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213 | (1) |
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14.2 Measuring connectivity |
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214 | (1) |
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14.3 The connectivity gap |
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215 | (1) |
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14.4 Solutions to address connectivity gaps |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (1) |
| Bibliography |
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220 | (15) |
| List of official documents and materials |
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235 | (5) |
| Index |
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240 | |