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E-raamat: How to Conduct Surveys: A Step-by-Step Guide

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Dec-2015
  • Kirjastus: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781506347134
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How to Conduct Surveys: A Step-by-Step GuideSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Dec-2015
  • Kirjastus: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781506347134
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Fink guides readers in developing their own rigorous opinion surveys and in evaluating the credibility and usefulness of surveys created by others. She continues the emphasis from the previous edition on web-based surveys, which have become nearly universal. In this edition she also provides information on how to question children of all ages, addresses the ethical concerns that arise when working with young people, and discusses methods for describing how much confidence survey users can place in survey results. Annotation ©2016 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

How to Conduct Surveys: A Step-by-Step Guide, Sixth Edition is a practical guide by Arlene Fink which walks the reader through the development of rigorous surveys and how to evaluate the credibility and usefulness of surveys created by others.  In developing a survey, the reader is stepped through how to choose the appropriate type of survey, writing the questions and responses, formatting the survey, making the decision about the characteristics and number of respondents to include, how often they should be surveyed, and finally analyzing and reporting the results.  Reporting checklists are provided along with the confidence survey users can place in their survey results.  The 6th edition has added the following new topics:
    -International Surveys
    -Qualitative Survey Data -- Validity and reporting
    -Children and  Surveys, along with the ethics requirement for including children in surveys
    - Margin of Error and Confidence Intervals
    -Survey Report Checklists
The book is filled with numerous examples and checklists.  Every chapter includes practice exercises which are designed to promote the user's skills of analyzing, evaluating and producing information.

Arvustused

The book is very readable with an easy-to-follow structure and lots of practical advice. For example, Fink provides a useful table on the pros and cons of using different survey types. Examples taken from real-life surveys are also used to good effect throughout, helping to make the text more engaging. The summing up section at the end of each chapter is also a helpful reference for readers to know where to find what they might need and to check their own understanding. -- Jo Lea

Preface xv
About the Author xix
Chapter 1 Conducting Surveys: Everyone Is Doing It 1(34)
Overview
1(1)
What Is a Survey?
2(1)
Example: Surveys to Meet Policy or Program Needs
2(1)
Example: Surveys in Evaluations of Programs
2(1)
Example: Surveys for Research
3(1)
When Is a Survey Best?
3(2)
Example: From an Overly Ambitious Self-Administered Questionnaire
4(1)
Example: Surveys Combined With Other Information Sources
5(1)
Self-Administered Questionnaires and Interviews: The Heart of the Matter
5(6)
Questions and Responses
6(1)
Example: Forced-Choice Question
6(1)
Example: Open-Ended Question
6(1)
Survey Sample and Design
6(1)
Planning for Data Analysis
7(1)
Pilot Testing
8(1)
Response Rate
8(1)
Reporting Results
9(2)
Example: The Look of Survey Results (1)
9(1)
Example: The Look of Survey Results (2)
9(1)
Example: The Look of Survey Results (3)
10(1)
The Friendly Competition
11(7)
Reliability and Validity
11(1)
Usefulness or Credibility of Results
11(1)
Costs
11(1)
The Special Case of Online Surveys
11(3)
Checklist for Deciding the Best Uses for Online Surveys
12(2)
Guidelines for Surveyors Who Work With Commercial Survey Companies
14(1)
The Special Case of Cell or Mobile Phones
14(1)
Making the Decision
15(3)
A Survey Continuum: From Specific to General Use
18(1)
Example: Survey With a Specific Use
18(1)
Example: Survey With a General Use
18(1)
Ethics, Privacy, and Confidentiality
19(7)
Informed Consent
20(1)
Contents of an Informed-Consent Form
20(1)
The Internet and Ethical Surveys
20(18)
Example Questionnaire: Maintaining an Ethically Sound Online Survey
24(1)
Example: Informed-Consent Form for an Online Survey
25(1)
Children and Survey Ethics
26(2)
Example: Child Assent Form
27(1)
International Surveys
28(1)
Formal Standards for Survey Ethics
29(1)
Summing Up
30(1)
Think About This
31(3)
References
34(1)
Chapter 2 The Survey Form: Questions, Scales, and Appearance 35(32)
Overview
35(1)
The Content Is the Message
35(1)
Define the Terms
36(1)
Select Your Information Needs or Hypotheses
36(1)
Make Sure You Can Get the Information
37(1)
Do Not Ask for Information Unless You Can Act on It
37(1)
Example: Plan for Survey of Satisfaction With the Youth Center
38(1)
Writing Questions
38(2)
Open-Ended and Closed Questions
38(2)
Example: Open-Ended Question
38(1)
Example: Closed Question
38(1)
Example: Open-Ended Question for Elementary School Teaching Program
39(1)
Example: Closed Question for Elementary School Teaching Program
40(1)
Making the Decision: Open-Ended Versus Closed Questions
40(1)
Organizing Responses to Open-Ended Survey Items: Do You Get Any Satisfaction?
40(4)
Step 1: Asking Respondents' Opinions
40(1)
Step 2: Coding LB/LL Data
41(1)
Example LB/LL: Response Categories
41(1)
Example LB/LL: Participant Responses
41(1)
Step 3: LB/LL Data
42(6)
Example LB/LL: Number of Responses for Each Code
42(1)
Example LB/LL: Participants' Response Pattern
42(1)
Example LB/LL: Summary of Responses
43(1)
Rules for Writing Closed Survey Questions
44(4)
Example: Item-Writing Skills—Length, Clarity, Abbreviations, and Jargon
45(1)
Example: Item-Writing Skills—Concrete Questions
46(1)
Example: Item-Writing Skills—Specificity of Questions
46(1)
Example: Item-Writing Skills—Hidden Biases
47(1)
Example: Item-Writing Skills—Hidden Biases
47(1)
Example: Question-Writing Skills—Very Personal Questions
48(1)
Example: Question-Writing Skills—One Thought per Question
48(1)
Responses for Closed Questions
48(1)
Yes and No
48(1)
Example: Yes-and-No Responses
49(1)
Rating Scales
49(5)
Categorical or Continuous? What About Ordinal?
49(2)
Example: Categorical Rating Scale
49(1)
Example: Ordinal Rating Scale
49(2)
Ordinal Scales
51(2)
Example: Ordinal Scales
51(1)
Example: Selecting the Number of Categories
51(2)
Example: Rank Order Scale
53(1)
Example: Comparative Rating Scale
53(1)
Checklist
53(7)
Example: Checklist Responses in Which Respondent Must Choose One From a List of Several
53(1)
Example: Checklist Responses That Respondents Answer Yes, No, or Don't Know for Each Item in a List
54(1)
Children and Surveys
54(3)
Online Surveys
57(3)
Example: Survey Progress Bar
58(1)
Example: Response to One Question Dictates the Response to the Next
59(1)
Example: Explanation for Changing Online Responses
59(1)
Plain and Simple Survey Questions and Responses
60(1)
Scaling
60(4)
Additive Scales
60(2)
Example: A Survey With an Additive Scale
61(1)
Example: A Survey of Foreign Language Skills
62(1)
Differential Scales
62(1)
Example: Scoring a Differential Scale
62(1)
Summated Scales
63(8)
Example: Creating a Summated Scale for a Self-Esteem Survey
63(1)
Example: Scoring a Summated Scale
64(1)
Summing Up
64(1)
Think About This
65(2)
Chapter 3 Getting It Together: Some Practical Concerns 67(26)
Overview
67(1)
Length Counts
68(1)
Example: How a Survey's Circumstances Can Influence Its Length
68(1)
Getting the Survey in Order
68(3)
Example: An Introduction to a Telephone Survey and Its First Question
69(1)
Example: Ordering Survey Questions (1)
70(1)
Example: Ordering Survey Questions (2)
70(1)
Example: Providing Transitions
70(1)
Checklist to Guide Question Order
71(1)
Questionnaire Format: Aesthetics and Other Concerns
71(1)
Response Format
71(1)
Example: Response Formats
71(1)
Branching Questions, or the Infamous "Skip" Pattern
71(1)
Example: Skip Patterns or Branching Questions
72(1)
Administration: Who Gives What to Whom?
72(4)
Self-Administered Questionnaires
72(2)
Checklist for Using Self-Administered Questionnaires
73(1)
Interviews
74(2)
Reliability and Validity: The Quality of Your Survey
76(3)
Is the Survey Reliable?
76(2)
Example: Internal Consistency Counts
77(1)
Example: Internal Consistency Does Not Count
77(1)
Is the Survey Valid?
78(1)
Selecting and Adapting Surveys
79(5)
Example: Excerpt From a Real Online Service Agreement for Free Survey Items (Names Changed)
79(1)
Guidelines for Finding Useable and Useful Surveys in the Research Literature
79(16)
Example: Search for School Dropout Surveys: Sample Findings From the Web of Science
81(1)
Example: Sample Reports of Reliability and Validity in the Research Literature
82(2)
Finding Surveys on the Web
84(1)
Example: Search for Education Surveys: A Sample Page From the National Center for Education Statistics
85(1)
The Survey Is Put on Trial: Guidelines for Pilot Testing
85(2)
A Far-Reaching World: Surveys, Language, and Culture
87(2)
Guidelines for Translating Surveys
87(1)
Example: Question About Ethnicity: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health
88(1)
Summing Up
89(1)
Think About This
90(1)
References
90(3)
Chapter 4 Sampling 93(24)
Overview
93(1)
Sample Size and Response Rate: Who and How Many?
93(2)
Example: Random and Convenience Sampling
94(1)
Random Sampling Methods
95(1)
Example: Simple Random Sampling (1)
95(1)
Example: Not Random Sampling
96(1)
Example: Simple Random Sampling (2)
96(1)
Making the Decision
96(1)
Stratified Random Sampling
96(2)
Example: Stratified Random Sampling
97(1)
Making the Decision
97(1)
Simple Random Cluster Sampling
98(1)
Example: Simple Random Cluster Sampling
98(1)
Making the Decision
98(1)
Systematic Sampling
99(1)
Making the Decision
99(1)
Convenience Samples
99(1)
Making the Decision
100(1)
Other Convenience Sampling Methods
100(2)
Example: Other Convenience Samples
100(2)
Finding the Sample: Who Is In? Who Is Out?
102(1)
How Large Should Your Sample Be?
102(1)
The Standard Error
103(1)
Statistical Methods: Sampling for Two Groups and an Intervention
103(7)
Example: Sample Size Calculations for Sampling Two Groups and an Intervention
104(1)
Subgroups, Measures, Resources, and Schedule
105(1)
Five Questions to Ask When Determining Sample Size
106(4)
Example: Calculating Sample Size in a Survey of Employees in an Experimental and Control Group
107(1)
Example: Power to Detect Differences
108(1)
Example: 80% Power and Effect
108(1)
Example: Sample Size, Effect, and Power
109(1)
Response Rate
110(1)
Tips for Improving Response Rate
110(1)
Weighting
110(2)
Example: Calculating Poststratification Weights
111(1)
Margin of Error and Confidence Level
112(1)
Sample Size and the Margin of Error
113(1)
Summing Up
113(1)
Think About This
114(1)
References
115(2)
Chapter 5 Survey Design: Environmental Control 117(18)
Overview
117(1)
Which Designs Are Available?
118(1)
Example: Surveys With Differing Designs
118(1)
Cross-Sectional Survey Designs
119(2)
Example: Cross-Sectional Design
119(2)
Making the Decision
121(1)
Longitudinal Surveys
121(1)
Example: Longitudinal Surveys: Cohort Design
121(1)
Making the Decision
121(1)
Experimental Survey Designs
121(4)
Example: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial or Quasi-Experimental Design
122(1)
Example: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial With a Longitudinal Design
122(1)
Example: A Randomized Controlled Trial or True Experiment
123(1)
Example: A Randomized Controlled Trial With a Longitudinal Design
123(1)
Factorial Designs: Special Cases
124(1)
Making the Decision
124(1)
Other Survey Designs: Normative and Case Control
125(1)
Normative Survey Design
125(1)
Example: Normative Design
125(1)
Example: Normative Design—Comparison to a Model
125(1)
Making the Decision
125(1)
Case Control Design
126(1)
Making the Decision
126(1)
Example: Case Control Design
126(1)
Survey Design Validity
126(3)
Internal Validity
127(1)
External Validity
128(1)
Surveys, Research Design, and Internal and External Validity
129(1)
Example: Cross-Sectional Survey and Threats to Validity
129(1)
Example: Longitudinal Design and Threats to Validity
129(1)
Example: Randomized Controlled Trials and Validity
130(1)
Surveys With Qualitative Data: Threats to Internal and External Validity
130(2)
Example: Qualitative Studies and Validity
131(1)
Summing Up
132(1)
Think About This
133(1)
References
134(1)
Chapter 6 Analyzing and Organizing Data From Surveys 135(32)
Overview
135(1)
What Is Typical Anyway? Some Commonly Used Methods for Analyzing Survey Data
136(13)
Descriptive Statistics
137(1)
Example: Preschool Purposes Questionnaire
137(1)
Example: Frequency of Questionnaire Responses
137(1)
Example: Grouped Ratings of Preschool Purposes by 50 Directors
138(1)
Averages: Means, Medians, and Modes
138(3)
Example: Computing the Median for an Even Number of Scores
139(1)
Example: Computing the Median for an Odd Number of Scores
139(2)
Variation: Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation
141(1)
Correlation and Regression
142(1)
Example: Rank Order Correlation
142(1)
Differences Between Groups
143(2)
Statistical Differences
145(1)
Statistical Significance
146(3)
Surveying Differences: Usual Methods
149(3)
Chi-Square
149(1)
Example: Chi-Square
149(1)
The t Test
149(1)
Example: t Test
149(1)
The Mann-Whitney U Test
150(1)
Example: Mann-Whitney U Test
150(1)
ANOVA
150(1)
Risks and Odds
150(3)
Example: Odds Ratio and Relative Risk
150(2)
To Be or Not to Be: Statistician or Qualitative Analyst?
152(1)
Content Analysis, Open-Ended Responses, and Comments
152(1)
Example: Hypothetical Content Analysis: Teasing Boys and Girls
152(1)
Putting the Cart in Front of the Horse: Selecting Analysis Methods
153(4)
Seven Questions to Answer Before Choosing an Analysis Method
153(4)
Data Management
157(7)
Creating a Code Book or Operations Manual
157(2)
Example: Excerpt From the CARPS, a Survey to Detect Binge Drinking in College Students
157(1)
Example: Excerpt From the Code Book for the CARPS, a Survey to Detect Binge Drinking
158(1)
Establishing Reliable Coding
159(1)
Measuring Agreement: The Kappa
159(1)
Measuring Agreement Between Two Coders: The Kappa (K) Statistic
160(1)
Reviewing Surveys for Missing Data
161(1)
Entering the Data
162(1)
Example: Survey Responses From Six People
162(1)
Cleaning the Data
163(1)
Validating Survey Data
164(1)
Summing Up
164(1)
Think About This
165(2)
Chapter 7 Presenting the Survey Results 167(26)
Overview
167(1)
Reproducing the Questionnaire
167(2)
Example: Reporting Results With the Questionnaire
168(1)
Example: Online Survey Statistics in Real Time
169(1)
Using Tables
169(3)
Example: Shell Table Describing Children in Two Schools
170(1)
Example: Shell Table for Comparing Children in Two Schools
170(1)
Some Table Preparation Rules
171(1)
Drawing Pie Diagrams
172(1)
Using Bar Graphs
172(2)
Using Line Graphs
174(4)
Example: Downloaded Results of a Customer Satisfaction Survey
176(1)
Example: Transferring the Results of One Question Into Bar and Line Graphs
177(1)
Drawing Diagrams or Pictures
178(1)
Example: Words and Diagrams in Survey Reports
178(1)
Writing the Results of a Survey
179(3)
Organizing the Report
180(2)
Example: Structured Abstract of a Survey Report
180(2)
Survey Reporting Checklists and Guides
182(2)
Clear-Writing Tips
183(1)
The Oral Presentation
184(1)
Slide Presentations
184(3)
Oral Versus Written Reports: A Difference in Conversation
187(4)
Example: Table Used in a Written and an Oral Report
187(3)
Posters
190(1)
Summing Up
191(1)
Think About This
191(1)
References
192(1)
Index 193
Arlene Fink (PhD) is Professor of Medicine and Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles, and president of the Langley Research Institute. Her main interests include evaluation and survey research and the conduct of research literature reviews as well as the evaluation of their quality. Dr. Fink has conducted scores of evaluation studies in public health, medicine, and education. She is on the faculty of UCLAs Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program and is a scientific and evaluation advisor to UCLAs Gambling Studies and IMPACT (Improving Access, Counseling & Treatment for Californians with Prostate Cancer) programs. She consults nationally and internationally for agencies such as Linstitut de Promotion del la Prévention Secondaire en Addictologie (IPPSA) in Paris, France, and Peninsula Health in Victoria, Australia. Professor Fink has taught and lectured extensively all over the world and is the author of more than 130 peer-reviewed articles and 15 textbooks.
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