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E-raamat: How We Think: A Theory of Goal-Oriented Decision Making and its Educational Applications

(University of California at Berkeley, USA)
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Teachers try to help their students learn. But why do they make the particular teaching choices they do? What resources do they draw upon? What accounts for the success or failure of their efforts? In How We Think, esteemed scholar and mathematician, Alan H. Schoenfeld, proposes a groundbreaking theory and model for how we think and act in the classroom and beyond. Based on thirty years of research on problem solving and teaching, Schoenfeld provides compelling evidence for a concrete approach that describes how teachers, and individuals more generally, navigate their way through in-the-moment decision-making in well-practiced domains. Applying his theoretical model to detailed representations and analyses of teachers at work as well as of professionals outside education, Schoenfeld argues that understanding and recognizing the goal-oriented patterns of our day to day decisions can help identify what makes effective or ineffective behavior in the classroom and beyond.

Arvustused

"[ It] constitutes an important scholarly contribution to our understanding of a key determinant to the quality of what takes place in the complex activity known as teaching and learning. In How We Think, Schoenfeld homes in on a facet of instructional practice that is central and yet invisible. The results are illuminating." --Teachers College Record

"How We Think is an important resource for mathematics education, as well as the decision making sciencesThe book is highly recommended to anyone interested in self analyzing teaching practice, researching teacher practices, building a program of research, or simply interested in how we think. The moderate length of the book also facilitates it being accessible for semester long graduate seminars. Last but not least the appendices contain a wealth of real data with notes and URLs for those interested in learning fine grained analysis of teaching data."Journal for Research in Mathematics Education

"In-the-moment decision making is perhaps the most central activity of teaching; it is also one of the most elusive teaching activities to study. How We Think presents an approach to modeling in-the-moment decision making as a function of the teachers goals, orientations, and resources, and invites the educational community to explore the use of this model as a tool for understanding and improving teaching. The product of over a decade of scholarship, it is a wonderful example of theory building through careful, detailed empirical analysis."--Hilda Borko, Professor of Education, Stanford University

"Alan H. Schoenfeld presents a general scheme for analyzing a person's activity in a dynamic environment by which he frames explanatory accounts of classroom mathematics teaching. There is much here that contributes to understanding important aspects of teaching and that shows how standard assumptions of psychological choice theory can be modified and extended to provide explanations of teaching."--James Greeno, Visiting Professor, School of Education, University of Pittsburgh

"Reading this book is a must for members of the mathematics education community, not only because of the standing of its author and his writing style, but also because of the issue it addresses which is at the core of todays agenda: mathematics teaching and the need for theoretical frameworks to study it."Abraham Arcavi, ZDM: The International Journal on Mathematics Education

List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xiii
Preface xiv
Acknowledgements xviii
Part I Overview of the Theory
1(62)
1 From Problem Solving to Teaching and Beyond
3(12)
2 The Big Picture
15(31)
3 Reflections, Caveats, Doubts, and Rationalizations
46(17)
Part II Studies of Teaching
63(94)
Introduction to Part II: Structure of the Representations Used in this Book
63(6)
4 Lesson Analysis 1: A Beginning Teacher Carrying Out a Traditional Lesson
69(19)
5 Lesson Analysis 2: Experienced Teacher Carrying Out a Non-traditional Lesson
88(33)
6 Lesson Analysis 3: Third Graders! Non-traditional Lesson with an Emergent Agenda
121(36)
Part III Extensions, Generalizations, and Next Steps
157(40)
7 Analysis of a Doctor-Patient Consultation: An Act of Joint Problem Solving
159(23)
8 Taking Stock, Applications and Next Steps
182(15)
Appendix A Notes on Connections 197(4)
Appendix B A Representation of Nelson's Lesson 201(3)
Appendix C Transcript of Jim Minstrell's Class Discussion of Measurement 204(15)
Appendix D Deborah Ball's Third Grade Class, Friday, January 19, 1990, Spartan Village School, East Lansing, Michigan 219(6)
Appendix E A Representation of Ball's Lesson 225(3)
Appendix F High-Priority Goals during the Lesson Segment Discussed in
Chapter 6
228(1)
Appendix G General Description of Deborah Ball's Active or Potentially Active Orientations at the Start of the Lesson on January 19, 1990 229(2)
Notes 231(6)
References 237(4)
Index 241
Alan H. Schoenfeld is the Elizabeth and Edward Conner Professor of Education and Affiliated Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley.