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E-raamat: Hydrogen Storage Technologies: New Materials, Transport, and Infrastructure

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(EADS Innovation Works, Munich, Germany), (Privat-Institut für Technik und Design e.V., Ingolstadt, Ge), (ASTRIUM GmbH, Immenstaad, Germany)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Jul-2012
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783527649952
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Hydrogen Storage Technologies: New Materials, Transport, and InfrastructureSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Jul-2012
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783527649952
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An exploration of current and possible future hydrogen storage technologies, written from an industrial perspective. The book describes the fundamentals, taking into consideration environmental, economic and safety aspects, as well as presenting infrastructure requirements, with a special focus on hydrogen applications in production, transportation, military, stationary and mobile storage.

A comparison of the different storage technologies is also included, ranging from storage of pure hydrogen in different states, via chemical
storage right up to new materials already under development. Throughout, emphasis is placed on those technologies with the potential
for commercialization.
1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 History/Background
1(3)
1.2 Tanks and Storage
4(7)
2 Hydrogen - Fundamentals
11(70)
2.1 Hydrogen Phase Diagram
13(1)
2.2 Hydrogen in Comparison with Other Fuels
14(2)
2.3 Hydrogen Production
16(37)
2.3.1 Reforming Processes in Combination with Fossil Fuels (Coal, Natural Gas, and Mineral Oil)
18(1)
2.3.1.1 Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
19(1)
2.3.1.2 Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming of Hydrocarbons
20(1)
2.3.1.3 HyPr-RING Method to Produce Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons
21(2)
2.3.1.4 Plasma-Assisted Production of Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons
23(2)
2.3.1.5 Coal Gasification
25(2)
2.3.2 Water-Splitting Processes (Hydrogen from Water)
27(1)
2.3.2.1 Electrolysis of Water with Electricity from Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Sources (Low-Temperature Water Splitting)
27(6)
2.3.2.2 Different Types of Electrolyzers
33(9)
2.3.2.3 High-Temperature Water Splitting in Combination with High-Temperature Nuclear Energy and Solar Energy
42(3)
2.3.3 Hydrogen from Biomass
45(2)
2.3.3.1 Thermochemical Processes
47(1)
2.3.3.2 Biological Processes
47(3)
2.3.4 Hydrogen from Aluminum
50(1)
2.3.5 Outlook
51(2)
2.4 Hydrogen Storage Safety Aspects
53(28)
2.4.1 Hydrogen Properties Related to Safety
55(6)
2.4.2 Selected Incidents with Hydrogen
61(1)
2.4.3 Human Health Impact
62(1)
2.4.4 Sensors
63(1)
2.4.5 Regulations, Codes, and Standards (RCS)
63(2)
2.4.6 Safely Aspects in the Hydrogen Chain from Production to the User
65(1)
2.4.6.1 Hydrogen Production
66(1)
2.4.6.2 Hydrogen Refuelling Stations
67(1)
2.4.6.3 Storage/Transportation (Compressed/Liquid/Metal Hydride)
68(2)
2.4.6.4 Garage for Repairing Cars
70(1)
2.4.7 Safety Aspects of Hydrogen Vehicles
70(3)
2.4.8 Safe Removal of Hydrogen
73(1)
References
73(8)
3 Hydrogen Application: Infrastructural Requirements
81(16)
3.1 Transportation
81(5)
3.2 Filling Stations
86(1)
3.3 Distribution
87(2)
3.4 Military
89(3)
3.5 Portables
92(1)
3.6 Infrastructure Requirements
93(4)
References
96(1)
Further Reading
96(1)
4 Storage of Pure Hydrogen in Different States
97(74)
4.1 Purification of Hydrogen
97(1)
4.2 Compressed Hydrogen
98(16)
4.2.1 Properties
98(1)
4.2.2 Compression
98(2)
4.2.2.1 Mechanical Compressors
100(1)
4.2.2.2 Nonmechanical Compressor
101(5)
4.2.3 Materials
106(1)
4.2.3.1 Hydrogen Embrittlement
106(1)
4.2.3.2 Hydrogen Attack
107(1)
4.2.3.3 Hydrogen Permeation
107(1)
4.2.3.4 Used Structural Materials
108(1)
4.2.3.5 Used Materials for Sealing and Liners
109(1)
4.2.3.6 High Pressure Metal Hydride Storage Tank
109(1)
4.2.4 Sensors, Instrumentation
110(1)
4.2.5 Tank Filling
110(1)
4.2.6 Applications
111(1)
4.2.6.1 Storage in Underground
111(1)
4.2.6.2 Road and Rail Transportation
112(1)
4.2.6.3 Vehicles
112(2)
4.3 Liquid/Slush Hydrogen
114(17)
4.3.1 Properties
114(1)
4.3.2 Ortho Para Conversion
114(2)
4.3.3 Liquefaction
116(1)
4.3.3.1 Linde Process
116(1)
4.3.3.2 Claude Process
117(1)
4.3.3.3 Collins Process
117(1)
4.3.3.4 Joule-Brayton Cycle
118(1)
4.3.3.5 Magnetic Liquefaction
118(2)
4.3.3.6 Thermoacoustic Liquefaction
120(1)
4.3.4 Hydrogen Slush
120(1)
4.3.5 Boil-Off
121(1)
4.3.5.1 Zero Boil-Off Solutions
122(1)
4.3.6 Materials
123(1)
4.3.6.1 Tank Material
123(1)
4.3.6.2 Insulation
123(1)
4.3.6.3 Braze Materials
124(1)
4.3.7 Sensors, Instrumentation
124(1)
4.3.8 Applications
125(1)
4.3.8.1 Storage
125(1)
4.3.8.2 Sea Transportation
126(1)
4.3.8.3 Road and Rail Transportation
126(1)
4.3.8.4 Vehicles
127(3)
4.3.8.5 Aircraft
130(1)
4.3.8.6 Rockets
131(1)
4.3.8.7 Solar Power Plants
131(1)
4.4 Metal Hydrides
131(40)
4.4.1 Classical Metal Hydrides
135(1)
4.4.1.1 Intermetallic Hydrides (Heavy Metal Hydrides)
135(2)
4.4.1.2 Magnesium-Based Hydrides
137(2)
4.4.2 Light Metal Complex Hydrides
139(1)
4.4.2.1 Alanates
139(4)
4.4.2.2 Amides-Imides (Li3N-Li2NH-LiNH2)
143(3)
4.4.2.3 Borohydrides
146(3)
4.4.3 Application
149(14)
4.4.4 Outlook
163(3)
References
166(5)
5 Chemical Storage
171(26)
5.1 Introduction
171(1)
5.2 Materials and Properties
172(1)
5.3 Hydrogen Storage in Hydrocarbons
173(4)
5.4 Hydrocarbons as Hydrogen Carrier
177(1)
5.5 Application: Automotive
178(3)
5.6 Ammonia
181(10)
5.6.1 Properties
181(1)
5.6.2 Application Areas of Ammonia
182(2)
5.6.3 Production
184(1)
5.6.3.1 Production from Nitrogen and Hydrogen
184(1)
5.6.3.2 Production from Silicon Nitride
184(1)
5.6.4 Methods for Storing Ammonia
185(1)
5.6.4.1 Liquid Dry Ammonia
185(1)
5.6.4.2 Solid-State Ammonia Storage
185(1)
5.6.5 Use of Ammonia as Fuel in High-Temperature Fuel Cells
186(1)
5.6.6 Hydrogen from Ammonia
187(1)
5.6.6.1 Ammonia Electrolysis
187(1)
5.6.6.2 Catalytic Decomposition
187(2)
5.6.7 Hydrogen from Ammonia and Metal Hydride
189(1)
5.6.8 Energetic Consideration
190(1)
5.7 Borohydrides
191(6)
5.7.1 Sodium Borohydride
191(1)
5.7.1.1 Direct Use of Sodium Borohydride as Fuel in a PEM-Based Fuel Cell
191(1)
5.7.1.2 Hydrogen Generation by Hydrolytic Release
192(1)
5.7.2 Ammonia Borane
193(1)
References
194(3)
6 Hydrogen Storage Options: Comparison
197(28)
6.1 Economic Considerations/Costs
197(3)
6.2 Safety Aspects
200(9)
6.2.1 Safety Rules and Regulations
200(5)
6.2.2 Safety Equipment
205(4)
6.3 Environmental Considerations: Waste, Hazardous Materials
209(3)
6.4 Dimension Considerations
212(4)
6.5 Sociological Considerations
216(2)
6.6 Comparison with Other Energy Storage System
218(7)
References
222(3)
7 Novel Materials
225(24)
7.1 Silicon and Hydropolysilane (HPS)
225(3)
7.2 Carbon-Based Materials - General
228(11)
7.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT), Activated Carbon (AC), Graphite Nanofibers
229(4)
7.2.2 Other High-Surface Area Materials
233(1)
7.2.3 Zeolites
234(1)
7.2.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
235(1)
7.2.5 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COF)
236(3)
7.3 Microspheres
239(10)
7.3.1 Methods for Discharging
244(1)
7.3.2 Resume
245(1)
References
246(3)
Index 249
Agata Godula-Jopek is a fuel cell expert in the Department of Energy & Propulsion at EADS Innovation Works (European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company), Germany. Her research interests center on fuel cells, hydrogen storage and fuel processing for fuel cells. After obtaining her academic degrees (MSc) from the Technical University in Cracow, Poland, she worked as assistant scientist in the Department of Electrochemical Oxidation of Gaseous Fuels at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow, completing here her PhD. She has authored numerous scientific publications and patents.

Walter Jehle is presently a system engineer for the Department of Energy and Life Support Systems at EADS Astrium, Germany. After graduating in Chemical Engineering from the Technical University of Stuttgart, he worked for the Daimler Chrysler Institute and the EADS Innovation Works. His areas of expertise include Hydrogen Production, Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cells. Walter Jehle has authored several scientific publications and patents.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jorg Wellnitz is Chair and Professor of Light-Weight Design and CAE and is Vice-Dean of Faculty Engineering at the University of Applied Sciences in Ingolstadt, Germany. After he studied Aviation and Space Technology in Munich, he worked as Captain and Squadroon Commander at the German Air Defence Artillery. After that, he was chief of the 'Core-Competence Composites' and head of the section `Strength Powerplant System? at Rolls-Royce in Germany. Professor Jorg Wellnitz has authored numerous peerreviewed articles and books.
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