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E-raamat: Improving Survey Response: Lessons Learned from the European Social Survey

(Centre for Sociological Research, Belgium), (Centre for Survey Research and Methodology, Germany), (City University, UK), (Social and Cultural Planning Office, Netherlands)
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Improving Survey Response: Lessons Learned from the European Social SurveySuurem pilt
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High response rates have traditionally been considered as one of the main indicators of survey quality. Obtaining high response rates is sometimes difficult and expensive, but clearly plays a beneficial role in terms of improving data quality. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that simply boosting response to achieve a higher response rate will not in itself eradicate nonresponse bias. In this book the authors argue that high response rates should not be seen as a goal in themselves, but rather as part of an overall survey quality strategy based on random probability sampling and aimed at minimising nonresponse bias.

Key features of Improving Survey Response:

  • A detailed coverage of nonresponse issues, including a unique examination of cross-national survey nonresponse processes and outcomes.
  • A discussion of the potential causes of nonresponse and practical strategies to combat it.
  • A detailed examination of the impact of nonresponse and of techniques for adjusting for it once it has occurred.
  • Examples of best practices and experiments drawn from 25 European countries.
  • Supplemented by the European Social Survey (ESS) websites, containing materials for the measurement and analysis of nonresponse based on detailed country-level response process datasets.

The book is designed to help survey researchers and those commissioning surveys by explaining how to prioritise the reduction of nonresponse bias rather than focusing on increasing the overall response rate. It shows substantive researchers how nonresponse can impact on substantive outcomes.

Preface and Acknowledgements ix
List of Countries
xiii
Backgrounds of Nonresponse
1(8)
Introduction
1(1)
Declining Response Rates
2(1)
Total Survey Quality and Nonresponse
3(2)
Optimizing Comparability
5(4)
Survey Response in Cross-national Studies
9(30)
Introduction
9(1)
Harmonization Models
10(3)
Contactability
13(3)
Ability to Cooperate
16(1)
Willingness to Cooperate
17(12)
Social environment and survey culture
17(2)
Households and individuals
19(1)
Survey design
20(3)
Interviewers
23(1)
Interviewer-respondent interaction: why people cooperate
24(5)
Nonresponse Bias
29(8)
What is nonresponse bias?
29(4)
Combating and adjusting for nonresponse bias
33(4)
Ethics and Humans
37(2)
The European Social Survey
39(36)
Introduction
39(1)
What is the European Social Survey?
39(10)
Aims, history and philosophy
39(3)
Content
42(1)
Participating countries
43(1)
Organization and structure
44(5)
ESS Design and Methodology
49(10)
The central specification
49(2)
Quality and optimal comparability
51(4)
Sampling designs, procedures and definitions of the population
55(2)
Fieldwork and contracting
57(2)
Nonresponse Targets, Strategies and Documentation
59(10)
Background
59(1)
Requirements and guidelines
60(1)
Definition and calculation of response rates
61(6)
Contact forms
67(2)
Conclusions
69(6)
A Contact Form as Used in ESS 3
70(5)
Implementation of the European Social Survey
75(14)
Introduction
75(1)
Basic Survey Features
76(6)
Survey organization, administration mode and sample
76(2)
Sample size, number of interviewers and length of fieldwork period
78(3)
Survey costs
81(1)
Practical Fieldwork Issues
82(5)
Interviewers
82(3)
Information and incentives
85(2)
Summary and Conclusions
87(2)
Respons and Nonresponse Rates in the European Social Survey
89(26)
Data and Definitions
89(3)
Response and Nonresponse Rate in ESS 3
92(3)
Rate of ineligibles
92(1)
Response rate
93(1)
Structure of nonresponse
94(1)
Response Rate Changes Over Time
95(7)
Overview
95(4)
Response rate trends for specific countries
99(3)
Response Rate Differences and Fieldwork Efforts
102(13)
Response rate differences across countries and fieldwork efforts
102(4)
Change in response rates over time and change in fieldwork efforts
106(9)
Response Enhancement Through Extended Interviewer Efforts
115(46)
Introduction
115(2)
Previous Research on Contactability
117(5)
Factors in establishing contact
117(1)
Who is hard to contact?
118(2)
Call patterns and strategies
120(2)
Previous Research on Cooperation
122(7)
Covariates of cooperation
122(4)
Causes of cooperation and noncooperation
126(1)
Attitudes towards surveys and reasons for refusal
127(2)
Sample Type and Recruitment Mode in the ESS
129(4)
Sampling issues
129(2)
Recruitment mode
131(2)
Establishing Contact in the ESS
133(9)
Introduction
133(1)
Noncontact rates
133(2)
Ease of contact and number of calls
135(3)
Timing of calls
138(4)
Obtaining Cooperation in the ESS
142(11)
Introduction
142(2)
Cooperation rates
144(1)
Cooperation and number of contacts
144(6)
Reasons for refusal
150(3)
Effects of Enhanced Field Efforts in the ESS
153(3)
Conclusion
156(5)
Response Outcomes in ESS 1, 2 and 3 (%)
158(3)
Refusal Conversion
161(44)
Introduction
161(1)
Previous Research
162(9)
Research questions
162(2)
How successful is refusal conversion?
164(2)
Which factors contribute to successful conversion?
166(2)
Refusal conversion and data quality
168(3)
Refusal Conversion in the ESS
171(17)
Efforts and effects
171(5)
Refusal type and refusal conversion
176(6)
Timing of refusal Conversion attempts
182(6)
Refusal Conversion and Data Quality
188(11)
Refusal conversion and sample representativeness
189(2)
Refusal conversion and measurement error in the ESS
191(8)
Discussion and Conclusions
199(6)
Interviewer Variance in Cooperation Rates
202(3)
Designs for Detecting Nonresponse Bias and Adjustment
205(88)
What is Nonresponse Bias?
205(2)
Methods for Assessing Nonresponse Bias
207(7)
Comparing response rates across subgroups in samples
207(1)
Comparing respondent-based estimates with similar estimates from other sources
207(1)
Comparing estimates between subgroups in the obtained samples
208(2)
Enriching the sampling frame data with data from external sources
210(1)
Contrasting alternative post-survey adjustments for nonresponse
211(3)
Detecting and Estimating Bias in the ESS
214(64)
Post-stratification
214(15)
Comparing cooperative with reluctant respondents
229(14)
Using additional observable data collected for all target persons
243(9)
The study of bias using core information on nonrespondents
252(26)
Conclusions
278(15)
Overview core variables and constructs
281(5)
Questionnaries nonresponse modules
286(7)
Lessons Learned
293(12)
Introduction
293(2)
Standardization, Tailoring and Control
295(3)
Achieving High Response Rates
298(1)
Refusal Conversion
299(1)
Nonresponse Bias
300(2)
Contact Forms and Fieldwork Monitoring
302(1)
Into the Future
303(2)
References 305(16)
Glossary 321(4)
Index 325
Ineke Stoop, Social and Cultural Planning Office of the Netherlands Head of the Department of Data Services and IT, Dr Stoop has worked in survey research and data quality for almost 30 years. She's a member of the advisory board for both Eurostat and the ISI. Her main research interest is nonresponse.

Jaak Billiet, Centre for Sociological Research, K.U. Leuven, Belgium Professor Billiet is head of the Centre of Sociological Research and a member of the central co-ordination team of the European Social Survey.

Achim Koch, Centre for Survey Research and Methodology, Germany Senior Researcher Achim Koch has been working in this area for 20 years. He was Director of the German General Social Survey between 1995 and 2004.

Rory Fitzgerald, Centre for Comparative Social Surveys, City University, UK Senior Research Fellow Rory Fitzgerald has had many years experience working in surveying. Before moving to his current post he was Research Director at the National Centre for Social Research (NatCen) for 5 years. All four authors have published numerous articles in this area.
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