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xvii | |
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xxi | |
Preface |
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xxiii | |
Author Biographies |
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xxxi | |
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1 Applications of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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1 | (22) |
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2 | (2) |
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1.2 Technological Challenges |
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4 | (2) |
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1.3 Environmental Sensing Applications |
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6 | (2) |
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1.3.1 Concept and Objectives |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4 Condition Monitoring Applications |
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8 | (4) |
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1.4.1 Concept and Objectives |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.4.2.1 Structural Health Monitoring |
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9 | (2) |
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1.4.2.2 Equipment Condition Monitoring |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4.2.3 Human Being Monitoring |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5 Process and Service Monitoring Applications |
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12 | (4) |
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1.5.1 Concept and Objectives |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.5.2.1 Process and Service Provision Evaluation |
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14 | (1) |
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1.5.2.2 Process and Service Provision Improvement |
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15 | (1) |
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1.6 Commercial Solutions for IWSN |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (7) |
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18 | (5) |
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2 Machine Condition Monitoring with Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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23 | (24) |
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24 | (1) |
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2.2 System Requirements of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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24 | (3) |
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2.2.1 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Application Cases |
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24 | (2) |
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2.2.2 System Requirements of IWSNs |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3 Resource Constraint versus Higher System Requirements |
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27 | (2) |
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2.3.1 Resource Constrained Wireless Sensor Nodes |
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27 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Resource Constraints versus Higher System Requirements |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4 Standards and Protocols of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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29 | (3) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Other Protocols for IWSNs |
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31 | (1) |
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2.5 On-sensor Data Processing for IWSNs |
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32 | (8) |
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2.5.1 Experimental System Architecture |
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32 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Experimental Validation |
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33 | (7) |
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2.6 Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Nodes |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (6) |
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42 | (5) |
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3 Wireless Sensor Networks for Intelligent Transportation Applications: A Survey |
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47 | (32) |
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47 | (2) |
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3.2 Traffic Monitoring and Control System |
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49 | (4) |
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3.3 Intelligent Car Park Management System |
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53 | (4) |
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3.3.1 WSN-Based Car Park Management System |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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3.4 Intra-Vehicle Applications |
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57 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Intra-Vehicle Communication Link Quality Studies |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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3.5.1 Road Sensor Networks |
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60 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Vehicular Sensor Networks (VSNs) for Road Safety |
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61 | (2) |
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3.6 Implementation Issues |
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63 | (5) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (11) |
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69 | (10) |
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4 Design Challenges and Objectives in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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79 | (22) |
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79 | (5) |
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4.2 Applications and Requirements for Industrial Automation |
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84 | (6) |
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4.2.1 Targeted Applications |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (7) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Real-time Performance |
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93 | (1) |
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4.3.5 System Integration and Deployment |
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94 | (1) |
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4.3.6 Coexistence and Interference Avoidance |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (4) |
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97 | (4) |
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5 Resource Management and Scheduling in WSNs Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting |
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101 | (18) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (8) |
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5.2.1 SSEA and ASEA Schemes |
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103 | (1) |
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5.2.2 A Practical Flow Control Scheme |
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104 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Fixed Power (FP), Minimum-Interference (MI), and Multi-Sink (MS) Power Allocation Schemes |
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105 | (1) |
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5.2.4 QuickFix/SnapIt Algorithms |
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106 | (1) |
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5.2.5 DRABP and NRABP Schemes |
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106 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Duty Cycling and Power Management Algorithm |
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107 | (1) |
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5.2.7 MAX-UTILITY and MAX-UTILITY-D Algorithms |
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108 | (1) |
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5.2.8 NetOnline Algorithm |
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109 | (1) |
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5.2.9 The Joint Rate Control, Power Allocation, and Routing Algorithm |
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110 | (1) |
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5.3 Comparison of the Algorithms |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (5) |
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114 | (5) |
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6 Energy Harvesting Techniques for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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119 | (18) |
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119 | (1) |
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6.2 Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Applications |
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120 | (3) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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6.3 Energy Harvesting Techniques for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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123 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Solar Energy Harvesting |
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126 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Thermal Energy Harvesting |
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126 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Vibration-Based Energy Harvesting |
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127 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Air Flow Energy Harvesting |
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127 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Acoustic Energy Harvesting |
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128 | (1) |
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6.3.6 Magnetic Field Energy Harvesting |
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128 | (1) |
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6.3.7 Electromagnetic Wave Energy Harvesting |
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128 | (1) |
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6.3.8 Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting |
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128 | (1) |
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6.3.9 Envisaged Energy Harvesting Solutions |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (6) |
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131 | (6) |
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7 Fault Tolerant Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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137 | (24) |
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137 | (3) |
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140 | (3) |
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7.2.1 Sources of Faults in IWSNs |
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140 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Fault Detection in IWSNs |
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141 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Fault Recovery in IWSNs |
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141 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Network Faults in IWSNs |
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142 | (1) |
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7.3 Fault Handling in IWSN Standards |
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143 | (8) |
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143 | (5) |
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7.3.2 WirelessHART Networks |
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148 | (1) |
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7.3.3 ISA100.11a Networks |
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149 | (2) |
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7.4 Fault-Tolerant IWSN Design |
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151 | (4) |
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7.4.1 Fault Tolerant Routing |
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151 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Fault Tolerant Node Placement and Clustering |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (6) |
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156 | (5) |
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8 Network Architectures for Delay Critical Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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161 | (28) |
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161 | (2) |
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8.2 Industrial Applications and Settings |
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163 | (3) |
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163 | (1) |
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8.2.1.1 Monitoring Applications |
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163 | (1) |
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8.2.1.2 Cable Replacement Applications |
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164 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Why (and Why Not) Wireless in an I(W)SN? |
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165 | (1) |
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8.3 A View on a Distributed Control System |
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166 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Challenges in IWSNs |
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168 | (2) |
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8.4 Delay Sensitive Networks |
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170 | (14) |
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8.4.1 Proposed Mechanisms |
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171 | (1) |
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8.4.1.1 Early Retirement (ER) |
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172 | (1) |
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8.4.1.2 Variable Redundancy Error Correction (PHY+) |
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173 | (1) |
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8.4.1.3 Enhanced MAC for Delay Sensitive Networks (MAC+) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (3) |
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8.4.2.1 ER and PHY+ Simulations and Discussions |
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178 | (2) |
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8.4.2.2 MAC+ Simulations and Discussions |
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180 | (3) |
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8.4.2.3 General Discussions |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (5) |
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184 | (5) |
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9 Network Synchronization in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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189 | (18) |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (2) |
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9.3 Network Synchronization Protocols for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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194 | (9) |
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9.3.1 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN) |
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195 | (2) |
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9.3.2 Reference Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) |
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197 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Random Time Source Protocol |
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198 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Kalman-Based Industrial Wireless Sensor Network Synchronization |
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199 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Mutual Network Synchronization |
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199 | (4) |
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9.4 Parameter Estimation in Network Synchronization for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (3) |
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205 | (2) |
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10 Wireless Control Networks with Real-Time Constraints |
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207 | (24) |
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207 | (3) |
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10.2 The Wireless Control Network and the Industrial Setting |
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210 | (2) |
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10.3 Wireless Network Alternatives |
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212 | (4) |
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212 | (1) |
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10.3.2 IEEE 802.11 with Cooperative Medium Access Control Protocol (COMAC) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (2) |
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10.4 Wireless Model Based Predictive Networked Control System (WMBPNCS) |
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216 | (3) |
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10.4.1 The Plant and the Control Algorithm |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (7) |
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10.5.1 Performance Using IEEE 802.11 |
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220 | (3) |
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10.5.2 Performance Using COMAC |
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223 | (2) |
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10.5.3 Performance Using IEEE 802.15.4 |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (5) |
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228 | (3) |
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11 Medium Access Control and Routing in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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231 | (28) |
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232 | (2) |
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11.2 Taxonomy of MAC Protocols |
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234 | (8) |
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11.2.1 Requirements of IWSNs at the MAC Layer |
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234 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Outline of Standardization Activities at the MAC Layer |
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235 | (1) |
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11.2.3 MAC Protocols Proposed for IWSNs |
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236 | (4) |
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11.2.4 WSN MAC Protocols with Latency Bound and to Support Real-Time Operation |
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240 | (2) |
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11.2.5 WSN MAC Protocols with Other Objectives Related to the Requirements of IWSNs |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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11.3 Taxonomy of Routing Protocols |
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242 | (8) |
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11.3.1 Routing Requirements of IWSNs |
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244 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Standardization Efforts for Routing |
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246 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Routing Protocols Proposed for IWSNs |
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247 | (2) |
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11.3.4 WSN Routing Protocols with QoS Guarantee for Reliability and Timeliness |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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11.4 Cross Layer Protocols |
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250 | (2) |
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11.5 Future Research Directions / Open Problems |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (6) |
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254 | (5) |
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12 QoS-Aware Routing for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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259 | (24) |
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Berta Carballido Villaverde |
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260 | (1) |
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12.2 Industrial Applications: QoS Requirements and Key Performance Indicators |
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261 | (5) |
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12.2.1 Classification Based on Type of Application Data |
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262 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Classification Based on Application Data Criticality |
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263 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Key Performance Indicators |
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264 | (2) |
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12.3 General Considerations for Routing in Industrial Environments |
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266 | (4) |
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12.3.1 WSN Topologies in Industrial Scenarios |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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12.3.2.1 Low Power Operation & Delay |
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268 | (1) |
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12.3.2.2 Lossy Connectivity & Reliability |
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269 | (1) |
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12.3.2.3 Memory Footprint & Control Overhead |
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269 | (1) |
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12.3.2.4 Conflicting QoS Requirements |
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269 | (1) |
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12.3.2.5 Resource Allocation & Priority |
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269 | (1) |
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12.4 Current Approaches for Routing in Industrial Environments |
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270 | (5) |
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12.4.1 Wireless HART & ISA100 |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Proprietary Wireless Sensing in IWSN |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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12.4.5 Metrics for QoS Aware Routing |
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273 | (1) |
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12.4.5.1 Single Metric Routing |
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273 | (2) |
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12.4.5.2 Multiple Metric Routing |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (7) |
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277 | (6) |
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13 Reliable and Robust Communications in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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283 | (14) |
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283 | (3) |
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13.2 DSC Information Quality and Resource Allocation |
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286 | (2) |
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13.2.1 Definition of Information Quality with Multirate DSC Compression Dependency |
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286 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Resource Allocation for Multirate Wireless Transmissions |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (3) |
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289 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Reed-Solomon (RS) Codes |
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289 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Cross-Layer Design |
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290 | (1) |
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13.4 Information Efficiency Optimization Problem Formulation |
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291 | (1) |
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13.5 Cross-Layer Design Performance |
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292 | (1) |
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13.5.1 Selective Channel Coding |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (4) |
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293 | (4) |
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14 Network Security in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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297 | (22) |
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298 | (1) |
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14.2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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298 | (2) |
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14.2.1 Lifecycle of a Sensor |
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299 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Energy Supply and Demand Optimization |
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299 | (1) |
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14.3 Security Challenges in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks |
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300 | (3) |
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14.3.1 Resource Constraints |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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14.3.4 Intermittent Connectivity |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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14.4 Authentication and Network Access Control |
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303 | (3) |
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303 | (1) |
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14.4.2 Authentication and Network Access Control |
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304 | (1) |
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14.4.3 Mobility-Supported Authentication |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (2) |
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14.5.1 Key Pre-distribution |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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14.6 Security Maintenance |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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14.7.2 Anonymization Techniques |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (8) |
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313 | (6) |
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15 Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks in Industrial Applications |
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319 | (20) |
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319 | (2) |
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15.2 Advantages of CRSN for Industrial Applications |
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321 | (1) |
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15.3 CRSN Architecture for Industrial Applications |
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322 | (4) |
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15.4 Spectrum Management Requirements of CRSN in Industrial Applications |
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326 | (4) |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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15.5 Communication Protocol Requirements of CRSN in Industrial Applications |
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330 | (4) |
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15.5.1 Cognitive Physical Layer |
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330 | (1) |
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15.5.2 Spectrum-Aware Collaborative Medium Access Control |
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331 | (1) |
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15.5.3 Spectrum-Aware Event-Oriented Routing |
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332 | (1) |
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15.5.4 Reliable and Spectrum-Aware Event Transport |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (5) |
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335 | (4) |
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16 Industrial WSN Standards |
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339 | (20) |
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339 | (2) |
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341 | (1) |
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16.3 Regulations and Standards |
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341 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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16.4 Industrial Requirements |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (3) |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (3) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (3) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (4) |
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356 | (3) |
Index |
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359 | |