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E-raamat: International Carriage of Goods by Road: CMR

(St John's College, Cambridge, UK)
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Now in its sixth edition, this key text provides a comprehensive analysis of the international carriage of goods by road under the provisions of the CMR Convention. The author offers unparalleled coverage of both English and European case law in a text that is praised for its accessible, user-friendly style.This new edition is fully updated with the very latest in case law and legislation both internationally and on a domestic level, including:New developments on the applicability of the CMR to multimodal transport, as per the Godafoss caseThe concept of the wilful misconduct in the light of the German Transport Law Reform Act 1998 and the new Dutch Civil CodeThorough analysis of TNT Express Nederland BV v AXA Versicherung AGIt also provides new coverage of the impact of e-commerce on road haulage.This book is an invaluable reference tool for transport practitioners with an international and domestic client base. It is also a useful guide for academics and students of the carriage of goods by road-- Now in its sixth edition, this key text provides a comprehensive analysis of the international carriage of goods by road under the provisions of the CMR Convention. The author offers unparalleled coverage of both English and European case law in a text that is praised for its accessible, user-friendly style.This new edition is fully updated with the very latest in case law both internationally and on a domestic level, including:New developments on the applicability of the CMR to multimodal transport, as per the Godafoss case The concept of the wilful misconduct in failure to guard the vehicle Thorough analysis of TNT Express Nederland BV v AXA Versicherung AG It also provides new coverage of the impact of e-commerce on road haulage.This book is an invaluable reference tool for transport practitioners with an international and domestic client base. It is also a useful guide for academics and students of the carriage of goods by road.
Preface to the Sixth Edition vii
Table of Abbreviations xix
Table of Cases xxiii
Table of European Cases xxxix
Table of Legislation lix
Table of Standard Conditions lxiii
Part I: The CMR 1(330)
Chapter 1 Application Of The CMR
3(56)
A Prologue
1 The origins of the CMR
3(1)
2 The authors of the CMR
3(1)
B Interpretation
3 The Buchanan case
4(3)
3a Broad principles of general acceptation
5(1)
3b Ordinary meaning in context
5(1)
3c The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969
6(1)
4 Aids to interpretation
7(7)
4a Teleology: commercial purpose
7(2)
4b Legislative history: travaux preparatoires
9(1)
4c Doctrine
10(1)
4d Case law
10(1)
4e Other Conventions
11(1)
4f Good faith
11(1)
4g The strict construction of exclusions
12(1)
4h The matrix
12(2)
5 Gaps in the CMR
14(2)
5a Autonomous interpretation
14(1)
5b Finding and minding the gap
15(1)
6 The French text of the CMR
16(2)
7 Interpretation: summary
18(1)
C The CMR and the conflict of laws
8 A unilateral conflict rule
19(1)
9 The law of the contract apart from the CMR
19(2)
10 Contracts of carriage: Article 1.1
21(9)
10a Freight forwarders
22(1)
10ai Form and substance
25(1)
10aii Arrangements
27(1)
10aiii Charges
27(1)
10aiv Proof
28(1)
10b The transportation contract
28(1)
10c Vehicle hire
29(1)
10d Haulage contracts
30(1)
11 Goods
30(1)
12 Excluded goods
31(2)
12a Funeral consignments
32(1)
12b Furniture removal
32(1)
13 Multimodal transport: application of the CMR
33(5)
13a The UNCITRAL draft (the "Rotterdam Rules")
36(2)
14 Goods not unloaded: ro-ro and piggyback transport
38(2)
14a Operational convenience: inspection, storage and transhipment
39(1)
14b Necessity
39(1)
15 Multimodal transport: exclusion of the CMR
40(1)
15i The end of the road
41(1)
15iii Road carrier not responsible
42(1)
15iii Perils of ships and planes and trains
43(1)
15a Conditions prescribed: the application of the Hague-Visby Rules to a sea stage
44(1)
15ai Sea waybills
45(1)
15aii Deck carriage and Paramount clauses
47(1)
15aiii In default of conditions prescribed, the applicable regime
48(3)
16 "Vehicles"
51(1)
17 "For reward"
51(1)
18 International character
52(4)
18a Movements within the United Kingdom
55(1)
18b Contracting states
56(1)
D The CMR regime in outline
19 The liability of the carrier
56(1)
20 Supplementing the text of the CMR
56(3)
Chapter 2 The Contract Of Carriage: Documentation
59(14)
21 Formation of the contract of carriage
59(1)
22 The consignment note
59(1)
23 The form of the consignment note
60(1)
24 The contents of the consignment note: Article 6
61(3)
25 The effect of statements in the consignment note: Article 9
64(6)
25a Apparent condition
65(1)
25ai Containers
66(1)
25b Checks and reservations
67(1)
25bi The nature of the carrier's obligation to check
68(1)
25bii The mode and effect of reservations
68(1)
25biii Optional checks: Article 8.3
69(1)
26 The liability of the sender for information
70(3)
26a Statements in the consignment note
70(1)
26b Customs documents
71(1)
26c Dangerous goods
72(1)
Chapter 3 The Journey
73(42)
27 Taking over the goods
73(2)
28 Loading
75(1)
29 Sub-contracting
76(1)
30 The vehicle
76(5)
30a Transhipment
80(1)
31 The route
81(2)
31a Common law deviation
82(1)
31b Reasonable dispatch
83(1)
32 Disposal of the goods
83(6)
32a Disposal by the sender
83(3)
32b Disposal by the consignee
86(2)
32c The liability of the carrier
88(1)
33 Difficulties on the road
89(12)
33a Impossibility of performance: Article 14
90(1)
33ai Impossibility
90(2)
33b Prevention of delivery: Article 15
92(1)
33c Interim and other measures decided by the carrier
93(1)
33ci Reasonable steps: alternative performance
93(1)
33cii Unloading: ending the carriage
95(1)
33ciii Selling the goods
96(1)
33d Liability
97(1)
33di Damages
97(1)
33dii Expenses
100(1)
34 Destination
101(1)
35 The consignee
102(1)
36 Unloading
103(1)
37 Delivery
103(8)
37a Justifiable postponement of delivery
106(1)
37b Goods to be "kept until called for"
107(1)
37c Delivery, as agreed, without the consignee
108(1)
37d Consignee missing
108(1)
37e Wrongful refusal of delivery
109(1)
37f Refusal of damaged goods
109(2)
38 Cash on delivery: liability
111(1)
39 Cash on delivery: cash
112(3)
39a The form of payment
112(2)
39b Relevant charges
114(1)
Chapter 4 Claims
115(66)
A The claimant
40 Action against the carrier by the consignee: Article 13
115(3)
40a Actions in respect of damage
116(1)
40b The consignee's rights
116(1)
40bi The effect of concessions by the sender
116(2)
40c The consignee's duties
118(1)
41 Title to sue: rules of national law
118(5)
41a The party to the contract
120(1)
41ai The sender
120(1)
41aiii The consignee
121(1)
41b The person with the right of disposal
121(2)
41c The owner of the goods
123(1)
42 Title to sue in England at common law
123(1)
B Limitation of actions
43 The one-year period of limitation: Article 32
123(8)
43a The scope of Article 32: actions arising out of carriage
124(3)
43b Exception: the three-year period for wilful misconduct
127(1)
43bi Criminal compensation
128(1)
43c The commencement of proceedings
129(2)
44 The commencement of the period of limitation
131(7)
44a Goods damaged but not delivered to the consignee
133(3)
44b Claims between successive carriers
136(1)
44bi Claims between carriers: scope
136(1)
44bii Claims for compensation
138(1)
45 Suspension of the period of limitation
138(13)
45a The claimant
139(2)
45b The claim
141(1)
45bi The nature of the claim
141(1)
45bii Form: documents
142(1)
45biii Content
143(1)
45biv Quantification
144(1)
45c Receipt by the right person
145(1)
45d The effect of a written claim
146(1)
45e Rejection of the claim by notification in writing
147(2)
45f Extension of the period of limitation
149(1)
45fi Waiver and estoppel
150(1)
45g Counterclaim and set-off
150(1)
C The forum and the defendant
46 Jurisdiction: Article 31
151(12)
46a Forum non conveniens
153(2)
46b Objective jurisdiction
155(1)
46bi Ordinary residence
156(1)
46bii The principal place of business
157(1)
46biii The branch or agency
158(1)
46biv The place of take-over or delivery
158(1)
46c Jurisdiction agreed by the parties
159(2)
46d Duplication of actions
161(1)
46e The enforcement of judgments and arbitration awards
162(1)
46f Costs
163(1)
47 Arbitration: Article 33
163(1)
48 Responsibility for the acts of others
164(1)
49 The scope of employment
165(1)
50 The choice of defendants: successive carriage
165(7)
50a Successive carriers
167(1)
50ai The first carrier
167(1)
50aii The performing carrier
168(1)
50aiii The last carrier
168(1)
50aiv Other carriers
169(1)
50b Acceptance of the goods and the consignment note
169(1)
50bi The position of sub-contractors
171(1)
50bii Entries on the consignment note
172(1)
51 Recourse: the basis of liability between carriers
172(1)
52 Recourse: indemnity and contribution under Article 37
173(3)
52a Defences between carriers
174(1)
52b The carrier responsible: Article 37(a)
175(1)
52c Apportionment of liability between carriers: Article 37(b)/(c) and 38
175(1)
53 Recourse: jurisdiction under Article 39
176(5)
53a Lack of convenience
177(2)
53b Lack of connection
179(2)
Chapter 5 The Liability Of The Carrier
181(32)
54 The liability of the carrier: Article 17.1
181(4)
54a The basis of liability
182(1)
54b The scope of liability in time
183(2)
55 Partial loss
185(1)
56 Total loss
186(4)
56a Damage amounting to total loss
187(1)
56b Delay amounting to total loss: Article 20.1
188(2)
57 Damage
190(1)
58 Delay not amounting to total loss: Article 19
191(3)
58a The agreed time-limit
191(2)
58b A reasonable time
193(1)
59 The consequences of delay
194(2)
59a Economic loss
194(1)
59b Physical damage associated with delay
195(1)
56c Causation and remoteness
195(1)
60 Proof of loss or damage: Article 30
196(2)
61 To rebut the presumption of conforming delivery: proof of loss or damage
198(4)
61a Checking the goods
198(1)
61b Reservations
199(1)
61bi The form of reservations
201(1)
61biii The time of reservations
201(1)
61biii The absence of reservations
202(1)
62 Proof of delay
202(1)
63 The carrier's liability in connection with documents
203(1)
64 Common law and the CMR
204(2)
65 Non-performance
206(1)
66 Abandonment and delivery short of destination
207(2)
67 Tort
209(1)
68 Article 28
209(4)
Chapter 6 Defences Available To The Carrier
213(34)
69 The defences
213(4)
69a The burden of proof
213(1)
69b Exonerating events: causation
214(2)
69c Apportionment: Article 17.5
216(1)
70 The wrongful act or neglect of the claimant
217(1)
71 The instructions of the claimant
218(2)
72 Inherent vice
220(2)
73 Dangerous goods: Article 22
222(3)
73a The liability of the sender
224(1)
74 Unavoidable circumstances
225(5)
74a Absolute liability
225(1)
74b Conditio sine qua non
226(1)
74c Force majeure
226(2)
74d Reasonable care
228(1)
74e Utmost care
229(1)
75 Unavoidable circumstances: utmost care in practice
230(17)
75a Theft and robbery
232(4)
75b Collision
236(2)
75c Vandalism
238(1)
75d Bad weather
239(1)
75e Delay
y239
75f Defects in the vehicle: Article 17.3
240(1)
75fi Special equipment distinguished: Article 18.4
243(2)
75g Damage limitation
245(2)
Chapter 7 The Special Risks
247(46)
A The onus of proof
76 The presumption of non-responsibility
247(1)
77 A possible cause: the plausibility of the carrier's case
248(4)
78 Rebuttal by the claimant
252(1)
78a Apportionment
252(1)
79 The carrier's residual duty of care
253(2)
B The risks
80 Open unsheeted vehicles
255(1)
81 Lack of packing
256(1)
82 Defective packing of the goods
257(3)
82a Defects in the packing of other goods
259(1)
83 The liability of the sender for defective packing
260(2)
83a Types of loss or damage
260(1)
83b The claiming carrier
261(1)
83c Liability in tort
261(1)
84 The response of the carrier to defective packing
262(2)
85 Loading and stowage by the sender
264(2)
85a The sender's agents
265(1)
86 Counter-proof by the claimant
266(2)
87 The carrier's duty to check loading by the sender
268(4)
87a Defects affecting only goods
269(1)
87b Defects affecting roadworthiness
270(2)
88 Defects becoming apparent during the journey
272(1)
89 Sensitive goods
272(12)
89a Sensitivity and inherent vice distinguished
276(2)
89b Specially equipped vehicles
278(1)
89bi The level of duty
279(1)
89bii Steps incumbent: performance of the duty
281(1)
89biii Causation
283(1)
89c Counter-proof by the claimant
283(1)
90 Marks
284(1)
91 Livestock
285(1)
92 Public policy: Article 41
286(7)
92a The benefit of insurance: Article 41.2
288(2)
92b The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
290(1)
92c Public policy: Article 1.5
291(2)
Chapter 8 Remedies
293(38)
A Compensation
93 Compensation for damage
293(1)
94 Compensation for loss
294(4)
94a The value of the goods: Article 23.2
295(2)
94b Repayment of compensation if goods are recovered
297(1)
95 Compensation for partial loss or damage
298(1)
96 Compensation for delay
299(1)
97 Limits on compensation
299(4)
97a Loss or damage
299(2)
97b Partial loss or damage
301(1)
97c Delay
302(1)
98 Charges
303(4)
99 Interest
307(1)
100 Raising the limits on compensation: selection of higher limits
308(3)
101 Wilful misconduct
311(9)
101a Carriage by rail: common law
314(1)
101b Carriage by air: the Warsaw Convention
315(2)
101c Carriage by road: the CMR
317(2)
101d Cause and effect
319(1)
102 Equivalent default
320(3)
102a Equivalence in fault
320(1)
102b Equivalence in effect: die grosse Fahrlassigkeit
321(2)
102c Equivalence in effect: la faute lourde
323(1)
103 Wilful misconduct in practice
323(5)
103a Prevention of theft
324(2)
103b Defective packing, loading or stowage
326(1)
103c Road accidents
327(1)
103d Misdelivery
327(1)
B Other remedies
104 Termination of obligations in the case of breach
328(1)
105 Termination of obligations in the case of impossibility of performance
328(1)
106 The carrier's lien
329(1)
107 Action for carriage charges
329(1)
108 Restitution of goods delayed
329(2)
Part II: English Domestic Law 331(100)
Chapter 9 The Contract Of Carriage
333(8)
201 Prologue
333(1)
202 Formation of the contract
333(2)
203 The terms of the contract: notice
335(3)
204 Documentation
338(1)
205 Interpretation of the contract
338(3)
Chapter 10 The Journey
341(10)
206 Taking over the goods
341(1)
207 Loading
341(1)
208 Sub-contracting
342(1)
209 The vehicle
342(2)
209a Transhipment
343(1)
210 The route
344(2)
210a Transit and deviation
344(1)
210b Reasonable dispatch
345(1)
211 Difficulties on the road
346(1)
211a Good faith and co-operation
346(1)
212 Destination
347(1)
213 The consignee
347(1)
214 Unloading
348(1)
215 Delivery
349(2)
Chapter 11 Claims
351(14)
A The claimant
216 Title to sue: parties to the contract of carriage
351(3)
216a The consignee as owner
351(1)
216b The consignor as owner
352(1)
216c The consignor's influence on the rights of the consignee
353(1)
217 The Brandt contract
354(4)
217a The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
356(2)
B Limitation of actions
218 Limitation
358(3)
218a Contract
358(1)
218b Tort
359(2)
218c Waiver and estoppel
361(1)
219 Counterclaim and set-off
361(4)
Chapter 12 The Liability Of The Carrier
365(28)
220 Contract or tort
365(1)
221 The pattern of liability
365(1)
222 The basis of liability
366(1)
223 Liability: contract terms
367(2)
224 The scope of liability in time
369(1)
225 The nature of breach
369(2)
225a Loss or damage
369(1)
225b Non-delivery
370(1)
225c Delay
370(1)
226 Proof of loss or damage
371(1)
227 Causation
372(2)
228 Apportionment: mixed causes
374(1)
229 Negligence
375(6)
229a The contractual setting: networks
377(2)
229b Sub-bailment
379(1)
229c The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
380(1)
230 Negligent misstatement
381(1)
231 Conversion
382(2)
232 Other torts
384(1)
233 Damages at common law
385(1)
234 Responsibility for the acts and omissions of others
386(2)
235 The scope of employment
388(5)
235a Negligence
389(1)
235b Crime
390(1)
235c Deviation
391(2)
Chapter 13 Defences
393(38)
A Defences available to the carrier
236 Contractual defences
393(10)
236a Act of God
394(1)
236b Consequences of war
394(1)
236c Hostilities
395(1)
236d Civil war
395(1)
236e Rebellion and insurrection
396(1)
236f Riot
397(1)
236g Act or omission of the sender or consignee
398(1)
236h Inherent vice
398(1)
236i Latent defect
399(1)
236j Wastage or natural deterioration
400(1)
236k Insufficient or improper packing
400(2)
236l Strikes
402(1)
236m Restraints of labour
402(1)
236n Seizure or forfeiture under legal process
402(1)
236o Unavoidable events
402(1)
237 Dangerous goods
403(1)
238 Defences: construction contra proferentem
404(5)
238a Negligence clauses
406(2)
239b Causation
408(1)
239 The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
409(4)
239a Reasonableness
410(3)
240 Fundamental breach
413(2)
B Defences available to both parties
241 Avoidance: misrepresentation
415(2)
242 Avoidance: economic duress
417(1)
243 Non-enforcement: illegality
418(3)
243a Illegal performance of the contract
418(2)
243b Illegal purpose
420(1)
243c Consequences
420(1)
Chapter 14 Remedies
421(10)
244 Compensation: damages for breach of contract
421(1)
245 Assessment of damages
421(1)
246 Remoteness of damage
422(2)
247 Common cases
424(1)
247a Damage to property
424(1)
247b Loss of market
424(1)
247c Loss of production
425(1)
248 Compensation: damages in tort
425(1)
249 Termination of contractual obligations in the case of breach
426(2)
250 Termination of obligations in the case of impossibility of performance
428(1)
251 The carrier's lien
429(2)
Part III: Appendices 431(68)
Appendix A. Carriage Of Goods By Road Act 1965
433(24)
Appendix B. French Text Of The CMR
457(14)
Appendix C. Carriage By Air And Road Act 1979
471(6)
Appendix D. Road Haulage Association Limited (RHA) Conditions Of Carriage 1998
477(8)
Appendix E. British International Freight Association (BIFA) Standard Trading Conditions 2000 Edition
485(8)
Appendix F. British International Freight Association (BIFA) Standard Trading Conditions 2005a Edition
493(6)
Index 499
Malcolm Clarke is Professor Emeritus of Commercial Contract Law at the University of Cambridge.
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