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E-raamat: Microbiology of Nuclear Waste Disposal

Edited by Andrea Cherkouk (Head of the Junior Research Group MicroSalt at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden- Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Germ), Edited by Jonathan R. Lloyd (Professor of Geomicrobiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK)

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Ilmumisaeg: 22-Oct-2020
Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128186961

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 22-Oct-2020
Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128186961

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The Microbiology of Nuclear Waste Disposal is a state-of-the-art reference featuring contributions focusing on the impact of microbes on the safe long-term disposal of nuclear waste. This book is the first to cover this important emerging topic, and is written for a wide audience encompassing regulators, implementers, academics, and other stakeholders. The book is also of interest to those working on the wider exploitation of the subsurface, such as bioremediation, carbon capture and storage, geothermal energy, and water quality.

Planning for suitable facilities in the U.S., Europe, and Asia has been based mainly on knowledge from the geological and physical sciences. However, recent studies have shown that microbial life can proliferate in the inhospitable environments associated with radioactive waste disposal, and can control the long-term fate of nuclear materials. This can have beneficial and damaging impacts, which need to be quantified.

Encompasses expertise from both the bio and geo disciplines, aiming to foster important collaborations across this disciplinary divide
Includes reviews and research papers from leading groups in the field
Provides helpful guidance in light of plans progressing worldwide for geological disposal facilities
Includes timely research for planning and safety case development

Contributors

xiii

Introduction

xviii

Chapter 1 Organic-containing nuclear wastes and national inventories across Europe

(20)

Liam Abrahamsen-Mills

Joe S. Small

1 Introduction

(2)

1.1 Bitumen

(1)

1.2 Organic ion-exchange resins

(1)

1.3 Halogenated and nonhalogenated polymers

(1)

1.4 Cellulose materials

(1)

1.5 Other organic materials

(1)

2 Overview of the nature of anthropogenic organic polymers and materials

(1)

3 National inventories

(14)

3.1 Belgium

(1)

3.2 Czech Republic

(2)

3.3 Finland

(1)

3.4 France

(4)

3.5 Spain

(1)

3.6 Sweden

(2)

3.7 Switzerland

(1)

3.8 The Netherlands

(1)

3.9 United Kingdom

(2)

4 Summary

(3)

References

(2)

Chapter 2 The microbiology of natural analogue sites

(20)

Sarah Jane Butterworth

Simcha Stroes-Gascoyne

Jonathan R. Lloyd

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Bentonite clay

(3)

2.1 Japanese bentonite deposits

(1)

2.2 Cigar Lake, Canada

(1)

2.3 Cerro Negro Site, New Mexico, USA

(1)

2.4 Dunnaroba Fossil Forest, Italy

(1)

3 Cement

(2)

3.1 Maraqin, Jordan

(1)

3.2 Semail Ophiolite, Oman

(1)

3.3 Harpur Hill, UK

(1)

4 Canisters and microbially influenced corrosion

(2)

4.1 Littleham Cove, UK

(1)

4.2 Colony of Avalon Archaeological Site, Canada

(1)

5 Radionuclide immobilization

(5)

5.1 Needle's Eye, UK

(1)

5.2 Oklo, Gabon

(1)

5.3 Palmottu, Finland

(1)

5.4 Tono Mine, Japan

(1)

5.5 Pocos de Caldas: Osamu Utsumi Mine and Morro do Ferro, Brazil

(1)

6 Concluding remarks

(7)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(7)

Chapter 3 Microbial metabolic potential in deep crystalline bedrock

(30)

Malin Bomberg

Hanna Miettinen

Riikka Kietavainen

Lotta Purkamo

Lasse Ahonen

Minna Vikman

1 Introduction

(4)

2 Deep groundwater characteristics relevant to long-term disposal of spent nuclear fuel

(1)

3 Biogeochemical cycles

(11)

3.1 Carbon

(4)

3.2 Hydrogen

(1)

3.3 Sulfur

(1)

3.4 Iron

(3)

3.5 Nitrogen

(1)

3.6 Phosphorus

(1)

4 Microorganisms and radioactive waste

(1)

5 Conclusions

(13)

References

(10)

Further reading

(2)

Chapter 4 Molecular techniques for understanding microbial abundance and activity in clay barriers used for geodisposal

(26)

Kristel Mijnendonckx

Pieter Monsieurs

Katefina Cerna

Veronika Hlavackova

Jana Steinova

Niels Burzan

Rizlan Bernier-Latmani

Christopher Boothman

Hanna Miettinen

Sindy Kluge

Nicole Matschiavelli

Andrea Cherkouk

Fadwa Jroundi

Mohamed Larbi Merroun

Katja Engel

Josh D. Neufeld

Natalie Leys

1 Introduction

(2)

2 DNA-based techniques

(13)

2.1 Comparison of sequencing processes and bioinformatics pipelines

(7)

2.2 Comparison of DNA extraction methods

(6)

3 Non-DNA-based techniques

(4)

3.1 Microbial metabolism as proxy for microbial activity

(1)

3.2 Microbial viability based on membrane integrity

(2)

4 Conclusions

(7)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(6)

Chapter 5 Potential microbial influence on the performance of subsurface, salt-based nuclear waste repositories

(22)

Juliet S. Swanson

Miriam Bader

Andrea Cherkouk

1 Introduction

(1)

2 The potential for microbial life in subterranean salt

(1)

3 The microbial populations in a salt-based nuclear waste repository

(3)

3.1 Indigenous microorganisms

(2)

3.2 Introduced microorganisms: Mining operations and emplaced waste

101

(1)

4 Evolution of the repository environment from a microbial perspective

102

(1)

5 Repository conditions and potential for microbial activity

103

(7)

5.1 Temperature

103

(1)

5.2 Pressure

103

(1)

5.3 pH

103

(1)

5.4 Alteration of environment--pH and redox

104

(1)

5.5 Microbial generation of gas and ligands from waste transformation

105

(1)

5.6 Exposure to actinides, fission products, activation products, and other radionuclides from repository waste

106

(1)

5.7 Radionuclide transformation via redox reactions

107

(1)

5.8 Bioassociation with radionuclides

108

(2)

6 Concluding remarks

110

(9)

Acknowledgments

110

(1)

References

110

(9)

Chapter 6 Microbially influenced corrosion of container material

119

(18)

Tomas Cernousek

Alena Sevcu

Rojina Shrestha

Jana Steinova

Jakub Kokinda

Katefina Vizelkova

1 Introduction

119

(1)

2 Corrosive behavior of biofilms on metal surfaces

120

(4)

2.1 MIC mechanisms

121

(3)

3 Microorganisms involved in MIC

124

(2)

3.1 Sulfate-reducing microorganisms

125

(1)

4 MIC of radioactive waste containers

126

(6)

4.1 Corrosion of carbon steel exposed to natural anaerobic groundwater microbes

127

(5)

5 Conclusions

132

(5)

Acknowledgments

132

(1)

References

133

(4)

Chapter 7 Bentonite geomicrobiology

137

(20)

Margarita Lopez-Fernandez

Nicole Matschiavelli

Mohamed Larbi Merroun

1 Introduction

137

(2)

2 Analyzing the impact of microbial activity on bentonites: From small to large scale

139

(7)

3 Bentonite-microbe-radionuclide interactions: Multidisciplinary approach characterization

146

(4)

3.1 Multidisciplinary approach characterization of impact of microbial processes on the transformation of bentonites: Illitization of smectites

147

(1)

3.2 Impact of bentonite microbes on the mobility of radionuclide

148

(2)

4 Conclusions

150

(7)

Funding sources

150

(1)

Author contributions

150

(1)

References

150

(7)

Chapter 8 Microbial colonization of cementitious geodisposal facilities, and potential "biobarrier" formation

157

(36)

Gina Kuippers

Naji M. Bassil

Jonathan R. Lloyd

1 Introduction

157

(1)

2 Microbe-radionuclide interactions

158

(6)

2.1 Biosorption

160

(1)

2.2 Bioaccumulation

161

(1)

2.3 Biomineralization

161

(1)

2.4 Biodegradation

162

(1)

2.5 Bioreduction

163

(1)

3 Aquifer sediments and redox cycling

164

(1)

4 Microbial processes and the GDF

165

(5)

4.1 Heat and swelling

166

(2)

4.2 Radiation

168

(1)

4.3 pH

169

(1)

5 Microbial metabolism at high pH

170

(2)

6 Organic energy sources in a GDF

172

(3)

6.1 Cellulose and its degradation products

172

(2)

6.2 EDTA, NTA, gluconic acid, and picolinic acid

174

(1)

7 Gas production and microbial gas metabolism

175

(2)

8 Microbial interactions with radionuclides in a GDF; development of a potential biobarrier for radionuclide mobility

177

(1)

9 Conclusions

178

(15)

Acknowledgments

180

(1)

References

180

(13)

Chapter 9 Microbial impacts on gas production in LLW/ILW

193

(20)

Joe S. Small

Minna Vikman

1 Introduction

193

(1)

2 Overview of gas generation processes from nuclear waste

193

(2)

3 The TVO Gas Generation Experiment

195

(14)

3.1 Gas generation and chemical data

197

(2)

3.2 Modeling studies

199

(5)

3.3 Microbiological characterization

204

(5)

4 Summary and conclusions

209

(4)

Acknowledgments

210

(1)

References

210

(3)

Chapter 10 Organic materials and their microbial fate in radioactive waste

213

(32)

Kristel Mijnendonckx

Naji M. Bassil

Sophie Nixon

Aislinn Boylan

Natalie Leys

1 Introduction

213

(1)

2 Cellulose

214

(6)

2.1 Abiotic alkali cellulose hydrolysis

215

(1)

2.2 Radiolysis of cellulose

216

(1)

2.3 Biological degradation of cellulose

217

(1)

2.4 Isosaccharinic acid

218

(1)

2.5 Microbial degradation of ISA

219

(1)

3 Polyvinyl chloride

220

(5)

3.1 Abiotic degradation of PVC and common additives

221

(2)

3.2 Microbial degradation of PVC and additives

223

(1)

3.3 Implications for geological nuclear waste disposal

224

(1)

4 Ion exchange resins

225

(3)

4.1 Radiolytic degradation of ion exchange resins

225

(2)

4.2 Microbial degradation of ion exchange resins

227

(1)

5 Bitumen

228

(7)

5.1 Aging

230

(1)

5.2 Radiolytical degradation of bitumen

231

(2)

5.3 Microbial degradation of bitumen

233

(2)

6 Conclusions

235

(10)

Acknowledgments

236

(1)

References

236

(9)

Chapter 11 Microbial transformations of radionuclides in geodisposal systems

245

(22)

Luke T. Townsend

Katherine Morris

Jonathan R. Lloyd

1 Background

245

(5)

1.1 Biogeochemistry

249

(1)

2 Radionuclide environmental biogeochemistry

250

(7)

2.1 Uranium

250

(2)

2.2 Neptunium

252

(1)

2.3 Plutonium

253

(2)

2.4 Technetium

255

(1)

2.5 Selenium

255

(1)

2.6 Iodine

256

(1)

3 Conclusions

257

(10)

Acknowledgment

257

(1)

References

257

(10)

Chapter 12 Modeling of microbial processes to support the safety case for nuclear waste disposal

267

(24)

Joe S. Small

Liam Abrahamsen-Muls

1 Introduction

267

(1)

2 Microbial processes and effects considered in the safety case

268

(3)

3 Modeling microbial growth and metabolism

271

(10)

3.1 Biomass synthesis

272

(2)

3.2 Organic hydrolysis processes

274

(1)

3.3 Metabolic processes

275

(6)

4 Coupling with chemical speciation and representation of Eh

281

(4)

5 Discussion and summary

285

(6)

Acknowledgments

286

(1)

References

286

(5)

Chapter 13 Communication and stakeholder engagement of microbiology in radioactive waste disposal

291

(30)

Tanja Perko

Meritxell Martell

1 Introduction

291

(2)

2 Risk perception and risk communication

293

(6)

2.1 The meaning of trust

298

(1)

3 Perception of microbes in geological disposal

299

(7)

4 Science communication by microbiologists

306

(7)

4.1 Challenges in communicating with nonexperts

307

(1)

4.2 Challenges in communicating to experts from other scientific disciplines

308

(3)

4.3 Storytelling

311

(1)

4.4 Social media

312

(1)

4.5 Use of graphics, images, and videos

312

(1)

4.6 Media relations

313

(1)

5 Stakeholder engagement

313

(3)

6 Concluding remarks

316

(5)

Acknowledgments

317

(1)

References

317

(4)

Author Index

321

(26)

Subject Index

347

Jon Lloyd holds a BSc in Applied Biology from the University of Bath, and a PhD in Microbiology from the University of Kent. After postdoctoral positions at University of Birmingham and an Assistant Research Professorship at the University of Massachusetts (Amherst), he moved to Manchester University in 2001, where he is Professor of Geomicrobiology and Director of the Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science. He has published more than 200 papers in the broad area of geomicrobiology, and has a long-standing interest in the impact of microbial processes on the nuclear fuel cycle. Andrea Cherkouk studied geoecology at the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, where she got her master´s and PhD degree. She worked as a scientist at the Institute of Resource Ecology of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in Germany and at School of Earth and Environmental Sciences of the University of Manchester, UK. Currently she is the head of the HZDR Junior Research group MicroSalt. Her main research interests are on bio-influenced radionuclide migration, biogeochemistry, microbial ecology and halophilic microorganisms.

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