This book discusses antenna designs for handheld devices as well as base stations. The book serves as a reference and a handy guide for graduate students and PhD students involved in the field of millimeter wave antenna design. It also gives insights to designers and practicing engineers who are actively engaged in design of antennas for future 5G devices. It offers an in-depth study, performance analysis and extensive characterization of novel antennas for 5G applications. The reader will learn about basic design methodology and techniques to develop antennas for 5G applications including concepts of path loss compensation, co-design of commercial 4G antennas with millimeter wave 5G antennas and antennas used in phase array and pattern diversity modules. Practical examples included in the book will help readers to build high performance antennas for 5G subsystems/systems using low cost technology.
Key Features
Provides simple design methodology of different antennas for handheld devices as well as base stations for 5G applications.
Concept of path loss compensation introduced.
Co-design of commercial 4G antennas with millimetre wave 5G antennas presented.
Comparison of phased array versus pattern diversity modules discussed in detail.
Fabrication and Measurement challenges at mmWaves and Research Avenues in antenna designs for 5G and beyond presented.
Shiban Kishen Koul is an emeritus professor at the Centre for Applied Research in Electronics at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. He served as the chairman of Astra Microwave Products Limited, Hyderabad from 2009-2018. He is a Life Fellow of the Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE), USA, a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), and a Fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE). Karthikeya G S worked as an assistant professor in Visvesvaraya technological university from 2013 to 2016 and completed his PhD from the Centre for Applied Research in Electronics at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in Dec.2019. He is a member of IEEE-Antenna Propagation Society and Antenna Test and Measurement society.
This book gives a comprehensive idea of the recent research efforts targeting mmWave 5G mobile terminals and base stations. This is followed by conformal antennas which could be easily integrated onto typical smartphones.
Contents
Preface......................................................................
.........................................................................xi
About the
Authors......................................................................
................................................. xiii
Abbreviations................................................................
.................................................................xv
1.
Introduction.................................................................
.............................................................1
1.1 Need for Millimeter
Waves........................................................................
...................1
1.2 Antennas for Cellular
Communications...............................................................
......4
1.3 Contrast between 4G and 5G
Architectures...............................................................6
1.4 Antenna Designs for mmWave 5G Mobile Terminals and Base
Stations..............9
1.4.1 Antennas for Mobile
Terminals....................................................................
10
1.4.2 Antennas for Base
Stations.....................................................................
.......12
1.5 Antennas beyond
5G...........................................................................
........................13
1.6 Outline of the
Book.........................................................................
.............................13
References...................................................................
.............................................................14
2. Conformal Antennas for Mobile
Terminals....................................................................
.21
2.1
Introduction.................................................................
.................................................21
2.2 Typical Requirements for Mobile
Antennas.............................................................21
2.3 CPW-fed Wideband Corner Bent Antenna for 5G Mobile
Terminals...................23
2.3.1 CPW-fed Wideband
Antenna......................................................................
..24
2.3.2 CPW-fed Corner Bent
Antenna.....................................................................3
2.3.3 CPW-fed Corner Bent Antenna with
Reflector...........................................34
2.4 A wideband High Gain Conformal Antenna for mmWave 5G Smartphones....44
2.5 Design Guidelines for CPW-fed Conformal Antennas at Ka
Band......................49
2.6
Conclusion...................................................................
.................................................50
References...................................................................
.............................................................50
3. Flexible Antennas for Mobile
Terminals....................................................................
......53
3.1
Introduction.................................................................
.................................................53
3.2 Overview of Flexible Substrates for mmWave
Applications.................................54
3.3 Corner Bent Patch Antenna for Portrait
Mode........................................................56
3.4 Corner Bent Tapered Slot Antenna for Landscape
Mode......................................60
3.5 Dielectric Loaded Polycarbonate-Based Vivaldi
Antenna.....................................66
3.6
Conclusion...................................................................
.................................................71
References...................................................................
.............................................................71
4. Compact Antennas with Pattern
Diversity....................................................................
...73
4.1
Introduction.................................................................
.................................................73
4.2 CPW-fed Conformal Folded Dipole with Pattern
Diversity..................................74
4.2.1 CPW-Fed Folded
Dipole.......................................................................
.........75
4.2.2 Conformal Folded Dipole Backed by
Reflector..........................................83
4.3 Conformal Antennas with Pattern
Diversity...........................................................92
4.3.1 Mobile Terminal Usage
Modes.....................................................................92
4.3.2 Conformal Patch
Antenna......................................................................
.......94
4.3.3 Conformal Tapered Slot
Antenna.................................................................96
4.3.4 Conformal TSA with Parasitic
Ellipse..........................................................99
4.3.5 Conformal Pattern
Diversity....................................................................
...103
4.4 Case Studies: Measurement in a Typical Indoor
Environment...........................108
4.5
Conclusion...................................................................
............................................... 110
References...................................................................
........................................................... 111
5. Pattern Diversity Antennas for Base
Stations................................................................ 115
5.1
Introduction.................................................................
............................................... 115
5.2 Pattern Diversity of Path Loss Compensated Antennas for 5G Base
Stations......115
5.2.1 mmWave Tapered Slot
Antenna................................................................. 116
5.2.2 Dielectric and Metamaterial Loaded
TSA................................................. 119
5.2.3 Pattern
Diversity....................................................................
.......................127
5.3 Path Loss Compensated Pattern Diversity Antennas with 3D Printed
Radome.....131
5.3.1 3D Printed Radome for a Patch
Antenna..................................................131
5.3.2 Pattern Diversity with 3D Printed
Radome..............................................132
5.4 Path Loss Compensated Module with Progressive Offset
ZIM..........................136
5.4.1 Central Element: Tapered Slot
Antenna....................................................136
5.4.2 Spatially Modulated ZIM Loaded
Antenna..............................................139
5.4.3 Stacked Pattern
Diversity....................................................................
........141
5.5 Path Loss Compensated Quasi-Reflector
Module................................................142
5.6 Design Guidelines for High Aperture Efficiency
Antenna..................................143
5.7 Case Studies: Measurement in a Typical Indoor
Environment...........................145
5.8
Conclusion...................................................................
...............................................146
References...................................................................
...........................................................146
6. Shared Aperture Antenna with Pattern Diversity for Base
Stations.........................149
6.1
Introduction.................................................................
...............................................149
6.2 Shared Aperture
Antenna......................................................................
...................150
6.3 DPZIM Design and
Characterization.............................................................
.........153
6.4 Shared Aperture Antenna with
DPZIM..................................................................154
6.5 Design Guidelines for High-Gain Dual-Polarized Antenna
Module.................160
6.6
Conclusion...................................................................
...............................................160
References...................................................................
...........................................................160
7. Co-Design of 4G LTE and mmWave 5G Antennas for Mobile
Terminals................163
7.1
Introduction.................................................................
...............................................163
7.2 Miniaturization Techniques for Antenna Size
Reduction....................................163
7.3 Conformal 4G LTE MIMO Antenna
Design...........................................................164
7.3.1 CRLH-Based Conformal 4G LTE
Antenna................................................164
7.3.2 Compact CRLH-Based Conformal 4G LTE MIMO Antenna..................168
7.4 Conformal mmWave 5G MIMO
Antenna..............................................................172
7.5 Corner Bent Integrated Design of 4G LTE and mmWave 5G
Antennas............176
7.5.1 4G LTE Antenna
Design.......................................................................
........176
7.5.2 mmWave 5G Antenna
Design.....................................................................17
7
7.5.3 Co-Designed Corner Bent 4G LTE and mmWave 5G MIMO Antennas....181
7.6 Case Study: Co-Design of 4G and 5G Antennas in a
Smartphone.....................184
7.7
Conclusion...................................................................
...............................................185
References...................................................................
...........................................................186
8. Corner Bent Phased Array for 5G Mobile
Terminals...................................................189
8.1
Introduction.................................................................
...............................................189
8.2 Phased Array Designs for mmWave
Frequencies.................................................190
8.3 Need for Corner Bent Phased
Array.......................................................................1
92
8.4 Corner Bent Phased Array on
Polycarbonate........................................................194
8.5 Design Guidelines for a Phased Array at Ka
Band...............................................200
8.6
Conclusion...................................................................
...............................................200
References...................................................................
...........................................................201
9. Fabrication and Measurement Challenges at
mmWaves.............................................203
9.1
Introduction.................................................................
...............................................203
9.2 Fabrication Process and Associated
Tolerances.....................................................203
9.3 S-parameter
Measurements.................................................................
.....................206
9.4 Pattern Measurements and Sources of
Error.........................................................207
9.5 Gain
Measurements.................................................................
..................................209
9.6
Conclusion...................................................................
............................................... 211
References...................................................................
........................................................... 211
10. Research Avenues in Antenna Designs for 5G and
beyond.......................................213
10.1
Introduction.................................................................
...............................................213
10.2 PCB-Based Antenna Designs for 5G Cellular
Devices.........................................213
10.3 Application of Additive Manufacturing for
Antennas.........................................215
10.3.1 A Dual Band mmWave Antenna on 3D Printed
Substrate.....................216
10.4 On-Chip Antennas for CMOS
Circuitry.................................................................219
10.4.1 A Wideband CPS-Fed Dipole on
Silicon....................................................220
10.5 Optically Transparent
Antennas.....................................................................
.........225
10.6
Conclusion...................................................................
...............................................226
References...................................................................
...........................................................226
Appendices...................................................................
................................................................229
Appendix A: Hints for Simulations in Ansys
HFSS........................................................229
A.1
Modelling....................................................................
............................229
Appendix B: Measurement Issues with End-Launch
Connector...................................233
Appendix C: Material Parameters Extraction Using
S-parameters..............................234
Appendix D: Useful MATLAB
Codes................................................................................235
Shiban Kishen Koul earned a BE degree in electrical engineering
from the Regional Engineering College, Srinagar, Jammu and
Kashmir, India, in 1977; an MTech in radar and communication
engineering in 1979; and a PhD in Microwave Engineering in
1983 at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi. He served
as Deputy Director (Strategy & Planning) from 2012 to 2016, and
Dr R. P. Shenoy Astra Microwave Chair Professor from 2014 to
2018 at the IIT Delhi. He is presently the Deputy Director (Strategy
& Planning and International Affairs) at the Indian Institute of
Technology, Jammu. He also served as the Chairman of M/S
Astra Microwave Products Limited, Hyderabad, a major company
involved in the development of RF and microwave systems
in India, from 2009 to 2019. His research interests include RF MEMS, high frequency wireless
communication, microwave engineering, microwave passive and active circuits,
device modelling, millimeter wave IC design, and reconfigurable microwave circuits
including antennas. He has successfully completed 36 major sponsored projects, 52 consultancy
projects and 58 technology development projects. He is author/co-author of 450
research papers, 10 state-of-the art books, and 3 book chapters. He holds 11 patents and 6
copyrights. He is a Life Fellow of the Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
USA (IEEE), Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), and Fellow of
the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE). He is the Chief
Editor of the IETE Journal of Research and Associate Editor of the International Journal of
Microwave and Wireless Technologies, Cambridge University Press. He has delivered more
than 280 invited technical talks at various international symposia and workshops. He
served as the MTT-S ADCOM member from 2009 to 2018, is a Member of IEEE MTT
Societys technical committees on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Integrated Circuits
(MTT-6) and RF MEMS (MTT-21), and of the India Initiative team of IEEE MTT-S, Adviser
Education Committee, Membership Services Regional Co-coordinator Region-10, member
of the Sight Adhoc Committee MTT-S, and an MTT-S Speaker Bureau lecturer. He was a
distinguished microwave lecturer at IEEE MTT-S for the period 20122014, and a distinguished
microwave lecturer emeritus at IEEE MTT-S in 2015.
He is a recipient of a Gold Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Calcutta (1977); the S. K. Mitra Research Award from the IETE for the best
research paper (1986); Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Young Scientist Award
(1986); International Union of Radio Science (URSI) Young Scientist Award (1987); the top
Invention Award (1991) of the National Research Development Council for his contributions
to the indigenous development of ferrite phase shifter technology; VASVIK Award
(1994) for the development of Ka-band components and phase shifters; the Ram Lal
Wadhwa Gold Medal from the Institution of Electronics and Communication Engineers
(IETE) (1995); an Academic Excellence award (1998) from the Indian Government for his
pioneering contributions to phase control modules for Rajendra Radar; the Shri Om
Prakash Bhasin Award (2009) in the field of Electronics and Information Technology;
a Teaching Excellence award (2012) from IIT Delhi, an award for his contribution to the
growth of smart material technology (2012) by the ISSS, Bangalore; the Vasvik Award
(2012) for contributions made to the area of Information and Communications Technology
(ICT); the M. N. Saha Memorial Award (2013) from the IETE for the best application-oriented
research paper; and the IEEE MTT Society Distinguished Educator Award (2014).
G. S. Karthikeya gained his undergraduate degree in electronics
and communication engineering in 2010 from the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgaum. He received a Masters degree
in microwave engineering from the University of Kerala in 2012.
He worked as an Assistant Professor in Visvesvaraya Technological
University from 2013 to 2016, where he established the Antenna
Architects lab. He joined the Centre for Applied Research in
Electronics, IIT Delhi in January 2017 and defended his thesis in
December 2019. He has authored or co-authored more than 40
articles in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings.
He has also filed three Indian patents and two US patents. His
research interests include metamaterials, EBG structures, and
mmWave antennas for mobile terminals and base stations. He is a
member of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, and the Antenna Test & Measurement
society. He serves as the reviewer of ACES, IEEE Access and Cambridges IJMWT. He has
participated actively in more than 15 workshops on antennas in India and abroad.
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