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E-raamat: Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties, Revised Edition

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The revised and updated edition of "Modern Arabic" takes this authoritative, concise linguistic description of the structure and use of modern Arabic to an invaluable new level. Clive Holes traces the development of the Arabic language from Classical Arabic, the written language used in the 7th century for the Qur'an and poetry, through the increasingly symbiotic use of Modern Standard Arabic or MSA (the language of writing and formal speech) and dialectal Arabic (the language of normal conversation). He shows how Arabic has been shaped over the centuries by migration, urbanization, and education - giving us "a balanced, dispassionate, and accurate picture of the structures, functions, and varieties of the contemporary Arabic language". Holes explains the structural characteristics - phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and lexical and stylistic developments - that the majority of the dialects share, as distinguished from Modern Standard Arabic. He also shows how native speakers use both types of Arabic for different purposes, with MSA being the language of power and control as used on television and in political speeches, and the dialects serving as the language of intimacy and domesticity. He further shows how MSA and spoken dialects are not as compartmentalized as one might be led to believe. "Modern Arabic" illustrates the use of the Arabic language in real life, whether in conversation, news bulletins and newspaper articles, serious literature, or song. This new edition takes into account research published in several areas of Arabic linguistics since the first edition was published in 1995. It includes more extensive comment on the North African Arabic vocabulary of Modern Standard Arabic, more information about "mixed" varieties of written Arabic that are not in MSA (especially in Egypt), updated references, explanations, and many new examples. All Arabic is transcribed, except for an appendix presenting the Arabic alphabet and script. Students of the Arabic language will find "Modern Arabic" without peer - as will those general linguists who are interested in discovering how Arabic compares structurally and sociolinguistically with European languages.

Arvustused

Thanks to Clive Holes we now have a book that examines in some depth the relationship between the spoken and written language, and which provides us with a lively and erudite account of the current state of the Arabic language in its many forms... It is really in the areas of phonology, morphology and syntax that Holes is at his best, drawing on his vast experience of field work and profound linguistic knowledge. His assessment of modern Arabic in all its forms is honest, contrastive and comparative, and presents impressions and analyses of many categories from a fresh angle. It will appeal to anyone with an interest in the Arabic language today. Bibliotheca Orientalis Clive Holes's book is written in a pleasantly informal manner. Matters are discussed throughout in a knowledgeable, objective and informative fashion and presented in a lively, readable style... The author has no theoretical axe to grind, he is bound to no one school of thought and has no interest in supporting the cause of any particular doctrine. His approach to the material and the problems it raises is refreshingly straightforward and characterized at all points by the simple application of common sense and the desire to see the truth for what it is. This is in welcome contrast to much recent work in Arabic linguistics, which suffers, as Holes observes in his preface, from a regrettable reluctance to see things as they are. His book is a deliberate, and very successful, attempt to redress the balance. It will be read with pleasure and benefit by all who are interested in the Arabic language... An excellent book and will surely become a standard work on the subject. It will be read with much profit by all interested in the Arabic language, to whom it is herewith heartily recommended. Zeitschrift fur Arabische Linguistik In a pleasant and extremely clear style on which he must be complimented, the author puts at the disposition of a large readership, from advanced students of Arabic to general linguists, an excellent synthesis of the relationships between written Arabic, spoken standard Arabic, the spoken dialects and relationships between the dialects. It was only natural that Clive Holes's work would benefit from our improved knowledge of dialectal Arabic, but these improvements would have been insufficient without the author's remarkable powers of synthesis and his ability to capture sociolinguistic phenomena. One can only warmly recommend a work which is agreeably accessible at the same time as rigorously scientific, and which opens paths for future research, which one hopes will be explored by the community of Arabists. [ Translated from French] Journal of Semitic Studies

Muu info

"Even seasoned Arabists can profit from this hefty tome, the first of its kind to serve as a solid introduction to the entire field of of Arabic linguistics and Comparative Arabic dialectology."Language -- Alan S. Kaye, California State University * Language *
List of Figures and Tables x
Foreword to the Georgetown Classics Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xiv
Transliteration Conventions, Gloss Lines, and Abbreviations xv
Introduction 1(8)
0.1 Where is Arabic spoken?
1(2)
0.2 Varieties of Arabic
3(3)
0.3 Aims of this book
6(1)
Notes
7(2)
1 Brief History of Arabic 9(47)
1.1 Arabic as a Semitic language
10(1)
1.2 Arabic at the dawn of Islam
10(8)
1.2.1 Pre-Islamic poetry
11(3)
1.2.2 The Koran
14(3)
1.2.3 Evidence from the modern Bedouin dialects
17(1)
1.2.4 Summary
18(1)
1.3 The spread of Arabic
18(18)
1.3.1 The language situation on the eve of the conquests
19(3)
1.3.2 The early linguistic results of the conquests
22(14)
1.4 Middle Arabic, the modern dialects, and the evolution of Modern Standard Arabic
36(10)
1.5 The contemporary linguistic situation
46(4)
Notes
50(6)
2 Phonology 56(43)
2.1 The phonology of MSA
58(11)
2.1.1 Segmental phonology
59(2)
2.1.2 Syllable structure
61(1)
2.1.3 Neutralization
61(1)
2.1.4 Stress
62(1)
2.1.5 Pausal and junctural phenomena
63(5)
2.1.6 "Secular" and "religious" pronunciation
68(1)
2.2 The phonology of the dialects
69(12)
2.2.1 Segmental phonology
69(7)
2.2.2 Aspects of suprasegmental dialectal phonology
76(5)
2.3 Phonological variation in the dialects
81(8)
2.3.1 /q/
81(5)
2.3.2 Hybridization and language level
86(3)
2.4 Phonology and script
89(6)
2.4.1 MSA phonology and orthography
89(3)
2.4.2 Dialect and orthography
92(3)
Notes
95(4)
3 Verb Morphology 99(46)
3.1 General principles
99(1)
3.2 Root and morphosemantic patterns: MSA
100(6)
3.2.1 Pattern I: The root pattern C1C2C3
100(1)
3.2.2 Pattern II: Lengthen the middle radical = C1C2C2C3
101(1)
3.2.3 Pattern III: Lengthen the short v between C1 and C2 = C1V:C2C3
102(1)
3.2.4 Pattern IV: Prefix ? = ?C1C2C3
102(1)
3.2.5 Pattern V: Prefix t to Pattern II = tCIC2C2C3
102(1)
3.2.6 Pattern VI: Prefix t to Pattern III = tCIv:C2C3
103(1)
3.2.7 Pattern VII: Prefix n to Pattern I = nCIC2C3
104(1)
3.2.8 Pattern VIII: Insert t after CI = CItC2C3
104(1)
3.2.9 Pattern IX: Lengthen C3 = CIC2C3C3
104(1)
3.2.10 Pattern X: Prefix st = stCIC2C3
104(1)
3.2.11 Other patterns: X-XV
105(1)
3.2.12 Quadriliteral roots
105(1)
3.3 Morphosyntactic patterns of the finite verb: MSA
106(3)
3.3.1 Pattern I
106(1)
3.3.2 Augmented patterns
107(2)
3.4 Verbal affixes
109(1)
3.5 Morphophonological adjustments
110(7)
3.5.1 Semivowels
111(5)
3.5.2 C2 = C3
116(1)
3.6 Dialectal verb morphology
117(25)
3.6.1 Introduction
117(2)
3.6.2 Losses and gains in inflectional categories and morphosyntactic patterns
119(6)
3.6.3 Morphosemantic developments in the dialect verb
125(17)
Notes
142(3)
4 Noun Morphology 145(32)
4.1 The verbal noun
146(3)
4.2 Participles
149(6)
4.3 Other categories of the singular noun
155(7)
4.3.1 "Primitives"
155(1)
4.3.2 Derivatives
155(7)
4.4 Number
162(9)
4.4.1 Pluralization by suffixation
163(5)
4.4.2 Broken plurals
168(3)
4.5 Case and definiteness
171(3)
4.6 Gender
174(1)
Notes
175(2)
5 Beyond Root and Pattern: Pronouns and Deictics 177(18)
5.1 Personal pronouns
177(7)
5.1.1 Forms
177(2)
5.1.2 Uses
179(5)
5.2 Demonstratives
184(6)
5.2.1 Forms
184(2)
5.2.2 Adjectival and pronominal uses
186(2)
5.2.3 Presentative and emphatic uses
188(1)
5.2.4 Textual uses
189(1)
5.3 Interrogatives
190(2)
5.4 Temporal, locative and manner deictics
192(1)
Notes
193(2)
6 Syntax and Semantics I: Phrase Structure 195(55)
6.1 The noun phrase
196(20)
6.1.1 Determination of nouns
196(5)
6.1.2 Agreement in noun-adjective phrases
201(3)
6.1.3 The construct phrase
204(6)
6.1.4 Comparative constructs
210(2)
6.1.5 Mensurative constructs and numbers
212(4)
6.2 The verb phrase
216(23)
6.2.1 Aspect and factuality
217(6)
6.2.2 Mood and modality
223(9)
6.2.3 Time and tense
232(7)
6.3 Negation
239(6)
Notes
245(5)
7 Syntax and Semantics II: Sentence Structure 250(55)
7.1 Word order
250(14)
7.1.1 The functions of word order
250(12)
7.1.2 Word order and agreement
262(2)
7.2 Clause order and type
264(36)
7.2.1 Coordinated sentences
266(12)
7.2.2 Complex sentences
278(22)
Notes
300(5)
8 Lexical and Stylistic Developments 305(36)
8.1 Foreign borrowing into Arabic
305(4)
8.2 The language academies
309(5)
8.2.1 Protecting the "purity" of the language
310(1)
8.2.2 Adapting Arabic to the needs of the modern world
311(3)
8.3 The language of the media
314(18)
8.3.1 Periphrastic passives
317(2)
8.3.2 Agent passives
319(1)
8.3.3 Tendency to nominalization
320(3)
8.3.4 Negativization
323(1)
8.3.5 Word order, time reference, and text type
324(4)
8.3.6 Certain morphosemantic developments
328(4)
8.4 Repetition and parallelism
332(6)
Notes
338(3)
9 Language Level 341(50)
9.1 Introduction
341(3)
9.2 Language levels in Cairo
344(4)
9.3 Level switching
348(15)
9.3.1 Monologues
348(5)
9.3.2 Conversation
353(10)
9.4 Co-occurrence phenomena and level
363(10)
9.4.1 Constraints within p-stem verb phrases
366(3)
9.4.2 Constraints within the sentence
369(4)
9.5 Dialogue and dialect in literature and journalism
373(9)
9.5.1 Literature
374(6)
9.5.2 Journalism
380(1)
9.5.3 "Mixed" written style
381(1)
Notes
382(9)
Appendix: The Arabic Script 391(6)
Bibliography 397(10)
Index 407


Clive Holes is Khalid bin Abdallah Al-Sa'ud Professor for the Study of the Contemporary Arab World at the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford, and a Fellow of Magdalen College. He is also a Fellow of the British Academy.