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E-raamat: Neuroscience of Zika Virus

Edited by (Consultant, Medical Proto), Edited by (Edinburgh Napier University, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Edinburgh, UK), Edited by (Visiting Professor of Perinatal Wellbeing, Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK), Edited by
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  • ISBN-13: 9780323903806
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Neuroscience of Zika VirusSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Jun-2021
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323903806
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Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathology: The Neuroscience of Zika provides a detailed introduction to the molecular biology of the Zika virus and its features, transmission, and impact on neurological systems. Designed to better readers understanding of the Zika virus, this volume features chapters on the immune response, molecular mechanisms, and other areas to better understand underlying pathways. This book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, virologists and anyone working to better understand the evolution and pathogenesis of Zika virus-related conditions.

Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control, and Models: The Neuroscience of Zika examines diagnosis, vaccines, and potential therapy methods for Zika virus syndrome. The book also details the neuroscience of Guillain-Barré syndrome, its effects and neuromuscular rehabilitation. It is designed to help readers better understand detection, therapies for Zika virus, preventative vaccines, diagnosis and associated microcephaly. Chapters on models enable further research and understanding. This book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, virologists and anyone working to better understand the evolution and pathogenesis of Zika virus-related conditions.
Volume 1: Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathways: The Neuroscience of Zika Virus
Contributors
xix
Foreword
xxv
Preface
xxvii
Section A Zika virus: Introductory chapters
1 Flaviviruses and where the Zika virus fits in: An overview
Adrian Diaz
Classification, diversity, and evolution
3(1)
Biology of transmission and persistence of MBF and TBF
4(4)
Virion structure, genome, and viral protein function
8(2)
Viral infection and replication cycle
10(2)
Host infection, immune response, and pathogenesis
12(1)
Flavivirus emergence and global burden
13(1)
Emergence of Aedes-borne flaviviruses
14(1)
Emergence of Cu/ex-borne flaviviruses
14(1)
Policy and procedures
15(1)
Vector-borne flaviviruses diagnoses
15(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
16(1)
Key facts of flavivirus genera
16(1)
Summary points
16(1)
References
16(4)
2 The innate immune response during Zika virus infection
Manuela Sales Lima Nascimento
Wilo Victor dos Santos
Amanda Costa Ayres Salmeron
Joselio Maria Galvao de Ara
Jose Verissimo Fernandes
Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes
Introduction
20(1)
Importance of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in sensing ZIKV
21(1)
Type I interferon in ZIKV infection
22(1)
Innate immunity against ZIKV in the skin
22(1)
Innate immunity against ZIKV in the placenta
23(1)
Innate immunity against ZIKV in the brain
23(1)
Involvement of autophagy
24(1)
Innate immunity evasion by ZIKV
24(1)
Policy and procedures
25(1)
mRNA expression of innate immune receptors determined by real time PCR
25(1)
Measuring innate immune receptors protein expression by flow cytometry
26(1)
Analyzing innate immune receptors localization and function
26(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
27(1)
Key facts of innate immune response in ZIKV infection
27(1)
Summary points
27(1)
References
27(4)
3 The public health perspective of Zika virus infection
Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava
Prateek Saurabh Shrivastava
Introduction
31(1)
Timeline of the outbreaks
32(1)
Epidemiology: Distribution and determinants
33(1)
Geographical distribution
33(1)
Epidemiological determinants
33(2)
Public health consequences
35(1)
Prevention and control of Zika virus infections
36(1)
Better and sustained preparedness
36(1)
Implementation of strategic response framework
37(1)
Strengthening of International Health Regulations: Advice to travelers
37(1)
Strengthening of the sexual and reproductive health services
37(1)
Vector control, surveillance, risk communication, and promotion of research
38(1)
Bridging the gap between social and health inequalities
38(1)
Conclusion
39(1)
Policy and procedures
39(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
39(1)
Key facts of the Zika virus infections
39(1)
Summary points
39(1)
References
39(4)
4 Inequality in Zika virus and congenital Zika syndrome
Finn Diderichsen
Lia Giraldo da Silva Augusto
Inequalities in health
43(1)
The macro-drivers of the ZIKV
44(1)
Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of CZS
44(1)
Inequality in the exposure to ZIKV
45(1)
Inequality in susceptibility to the effect of ZIKV on CZS
45(1)
Sources of differential susceptibility
46(1)
Inequality in vector density
46(2)
Inequality in the vulnerability to the effect of vector density on ZIKV incidence
48(1)
The fundamental determination of ZIKV inequalities
49(1)
Socioeconomic implications
49(1)
Major knowledge gaps
49(1)
Policies to tackle the inequalities
50(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
50(1)
Key facts
51(1)
Summary points
51(1)
References
51(4)
5 Lifestyle factors and congenital Zika syndrome: Drugs, alcohol, and beyond
Daniela Pires Ferreira Vivacqua
Cristina Barroso Hofer
Introduction
55(1)
Socioeconomic condition
55(1)
Lifestyle
56(1)
Access to information/health education
57(1)
Health-care access
57(1)
Abortion legislation
58(1)
Human rights
59(1)
Policy and procedures
59(1)
Multidisciplinary follow-up
59(1)
Multicenter follow-up of cohorts
60(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
60(1)
Key facts
60(1)
Key facts of birth control methods
60(1)
Key facts of causes of mal formation in newborns
60(1)
Summary points
61(1)
References
61(2)
6 Economic impact of Zika virus infection and associated conditions
Henry Maia Peixoto
Luciana Guerra Gallo
Gilmara Lima Nascimento
Maria Regina Fernandes de Oliveira
Introduction
63(1)
Brief history of ZIKV
64(1)
Health economics
64(1)
Economic and social impacts of recent outbreaks
65(2)
The cost of vector control
67(1)
The cost of diagnosis
67(1)
The cost of ZIKV-associated microcephaly
68(1)
The cost of congenital Zika syndrome
69(1)
The costs of ZIKV-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome
69(1)
Understand the economic evaluation of health technologies
70(1)
Economic evaluation of current and emerging health technologies
70(1)
Policy and procedures
71(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
72(1)
Key facts
72(1)
Summary points
72(1)
References
73(2)
7 Health promotion, health education, and risk communication for Zika virus disease
Ernesto R. Gregorio Jr
Jun Kobayashi
Health promotion and education program during a noncrisis situation
75(1)
Social assessment
76(1)
Epidemiological assessment
76(1)
Educational and ecological assessment
77(1)
Administrative and policy assessment and intervention alignment phase
78(1)
Implementation
78(1)
Process evaluation
78(1)
Impact evaluation
78(1)
Outcome evaluation
79(1)
Risk communication for Zika virus disease
79(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
80(1)
Key facts of Zika virus disease or ZVD
80(1)
Summary points
81(1)
References
81(2)
8 Molecular mechanisms of Zika virus-induced neurological pathology
Trisha R. Barnard
Quinn H. Abram
Selena M. Sagan
Introduction
83(1)
ZIKV impairs mitotic spindle assembly
83(2)
Premature neural progenitor cell differentiation during ZIKV infection decreases the number of mature neurons
85(1)
ZIKV induces apoptosis in infected and bystander cells
86(1)
ZIKV interferes with developmental gene expression programs
87(1)
Neuroinflammation
88(1)
Conclusions and outstanding questions
89(1)
Policy and procedures: Measuring apoptosis
89(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
90(1)
Key facts of the unfolded protein response
90(1)
Summary points
90(1)
References
90(5)
9 Validation of Zika virus infections: Nonmolecular aspects, immunoassays, and beyond
Anne J. Jaaskelainen
Introduction
95(1)
Symptoms and diagnosis of ZIKV infection: Basics and guidance
96(1)
Serological methods used in diagnosing ZIKV infection
96(1)
Basics about ZIKV antibody detection
96(3)
Methods for detecting ZIKV antibodies
99(1)
Virus neutralization assays
99(1)
Hemagglutination inhibition and immunofluorescence assays
100(1)
Immunoassays for detecting anti-ZIKV IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies
100(1)
Policy and procedures
101(1)
DENV vaccine
102(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
102(1)
Key facts of immunoassays used for the diagnosis of ZIKV infection
102(1)
Summary points
102(1)
References
103(4)
10 Validation of Zika virus infections: A focus on molecular methods
Anne J. JaaskeMinen
Introduction
107(1)
Molecular methods: ZIKV nucleic acids
108(1)
Basics of the nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)
109(1)
Real-time RT-PCRs
109(2)
Multiplex real-time RT-PCRs
111(1)
Conventional RT-PCRs
111(1)
Validation criteria
112(1)
Policy and procedures
113(1)
Mini-dictionary of the terms
113(1)
Key facts of molecular tests used for diagnosis of ZIKV infection
113(1)
Summary points
113(1)
References
114(3)
11 Coinfection of Zika with Dengue and Chikungunya virus
Marlen Yelitza Carrillo-Hernandez
Julian Ruiz-Saenz
Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
Introduction
117(1)
Timeline of coinfections
117(1)
Distribution of coinfections
118(2)
Detection of arboviruses in coinfections
120(2)
Clinical outcomes of coinfections
122(1)
Coinfection with ZIKV and DENV
122(1)
Coinfection with ZIKV and CHIKV
123(1)
Triple coinfection with ZIKV, DENV, and CHIKV
123(1)
Conclusion
124(1)
Policy and procedures
124(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
124(1)
Key facts
124(1)
Summary points
125(1)
References
125(4)
12 Zika virus, pathology, and control: Zika vaccine strategies in development
Gilles Gadea
Wildriss Viranaicken
Philippe Despres
Introduction
129(1)
Adaptive immunity to ZIKV infection
130(1)
The humoral immune response to ZIKV
130(1)
The T-cell immune response to ZIKV
131(1)
Key challenges facing Zika vaccine development
131(1)
Target populations for ZIKV vaccination
131(1)
The protection afforded by ZIKV vaccination
132(1)
Zika vaccine platforms
132(1)
Whole virus-based vaccines
132(1)
Subunit virus-based vaccines
133(1)
Clinical evaluation of Zika vaccine candidates
134(2)
Concluding remarks
136(1)
Policy and procedures
137(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
137(1)
Key facts on Zika vaccine
137(1)
Summary points
137(1)
References
138(5)
Section B Effects on neurological and body systems
13 The adult brain and neurologic manifestations of the Zika virus
Fernanda J.P. Marques
Osvaldo J.M. Nascimento
Introduction
143(1)
Zika virus and the nervous system: NeuroZika
143(1)
Guillain-Barre syndrome
144(2)
ZIKV-GBS viral diagnosis
146(1)
ZIKV-GBS neuroimaging
147(1)
GBS-Zika virus treatment and prognosis
147(1)
Others neurological complications
148(1)
General implications
149(2)
Policy and procedures
151(1)
Using the Brighton collaboration GBS working group criteria for GBS diagnosis
151(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
151(1)
Key facts of NeuroZika
152(1)
Summary points
152(1)
References
152(3)
14 Postmortem studies: Contribution to understand the pathogenesis of congenital
Zika syndrome Leila ChimeIli
Introduction
155(1)
Pathogenesis of the lesions in CZS
156(7)
Conclusions
163(1)
Policy and procedures
164(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
164(1)
Key facts
164(1)
Key facts of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS)
164(1)
Summary points
165(1)
Acknowledgments
165(1)
References
165(4)
15 Developmental trajectories in infants and toddlers born with congenital Zika syndrome
Fernanda J.P. Marques
Osvaldo J.M. Nascimento
Marcio Leyser
Introduction
169(1)
Zika virus and the developing brain
170(1)
Congenital Zika syndrome
170(1)
Motor development
171(1)
Cognitive development
171(1)
Communication skills
172(1)
General implications
172(3)
Policy and procedures
175(1)
Measuring head circumference
175(1)
Using standardized tests to evaluate developmental skills in infants with CZS
175(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
176(1)
Key facts
176(1)
Summary points
176(1)
References
176(3)
16 Host genetic susceptibility to ZIKV congenital syndrome: A tale of twins
Luiz Carlos de Caires Junior
Ernesto Goulart
Mayana Zatz
Introduction
179(1)
Zika virus in Brazil
180(1)
Congenital Zika syndrome: Reasons for studying ZIKV effects in humans
181(1)
Risks for ZIKV-associated microcephaly and other CZS symptoms
181(1)
Twins: A powerful tool for investigating risks for ZIKV-associated microcephaly and CZS
182(1)
Twins' cells are differentially infected by ZIKV
182(1)
Investigating the molecular NPCs twins' differences
183(2)
Conclusion and follow-up
185(1)
Policies and procedures
186(1)
Generation of iPS cells
186(1)
Generation of NPCs
186(1)
Infection of the NPCs with ZIKV
186(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
186(1)
Key facts of host genetic susceptibility to CZS
186(1)
Summary points
187(1)
References
187(2)
17 Zika virus infection disrupts development of both neurons and glial cells
Dan Xu
Zhiheng Xu
Introduction
189(1)
Cells of the nervous system
189(1)
Role of different cell types in the nervous system
190(1)
Zika virus infection in the nervous system
190(1)
Zika virus infection disrupts normal neurogenesis
191(1)
Neural progenitor cells and Zika virus infection
191(1)
Zika virus infection induces neuronal loss in different brain regions
192(1)
Abnormal glial cell development after Zika virus infection
193(1)
Microglia and astrocyte reactivation after Zika virus infection
194(1)
Zika virus infection affects oligodendrocyte precursor cell development and survival of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
195(1)
An overall view
195(1)
Policy and procedures: Direct or maternal infection
195(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
196(1)
Key facts
196(1)
Key facts of microcephaly
196(1)
Summary points
196(1)
References
197(2)
18 Neurological manifestations similar to multiple sclerosis in adults after Zika virus infection
Soniza Vieira Alves-Leon
Fabricia Lima Fontes-Dantas
Fernanda Cristina Rueda-Lopes
Introduction
199(1)
Multiple sclerosis
200(1)
Molecular mimicry
201(1)
ZIKV induces MS-like neurological manifestation in adults
201(1)
Similar pathways
202(1)
MicroRNAs
203(1)
Concluding remarks
203(1)
Policy and procedures
204(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
204(1)
Key facts of Zika virus and multiple sclerosis
204(1)
Summary points
204(1)
References
205(4)
19 Zika virus and the blood-brain barrier
Rishya Manikam
Soe Hui Jen
Amni Adilah Ismail
Chandramathi Samudi Raju
Shamala Devi Sekaran
Introduction
209(1)
The disruption of the blood-brain barrier by Zika virus
210(1)
Role of blood-brain barrier
210(1)
Blood-brain barrier crossing mechanisms
212(1)
Zika virus entry mechanisms
213(1)
Endothelial cell dysfunction during Zika virus infection
213(1)
Barrier function and cell membrane permeability
213(1)
Virus-induced cytokine production and immune activation
214(1)
Comparison of hemorrhagic and neurotropic flaviviruses
215(1)
Key facts
216(1)
Summary points
217(1)
Acknowledgment
217(1)
References
217(5)
20 Systems immunology of flavivirus infection
Viviane Schuch
Felipe Martins
Felipe Ten Caten
Mariana Araujo-Pereira
Marielton Dos Passos Cunha
Nadia El Khawanky
Otavio Cabral-Marques
Helder I. Nakaya
Introduction
222(1)
Dengue infection
223(2)
Zika infection
225(1)
Yellow fever infection
226(2)
West Nile virus infection
228(2)
Conclusions
230(1)
Policy and procedures
231(1)
Strategies for system immunology analysis
231(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
231(1)
Key facts
231(1)
Summary points
231(1)
References
232(3)
21 Genetic susceptibility to congenital Zika syndrome: Current research and future perspectives
Atila Duque Rossi
Cynthia Chester Cardoso
Introduction
235(1)
Evidence from observational studies
236(1)
Genes already associated with CZS
236(1)
Genetic case-control studies in CZS
237(1)
Exome studies
238(1)
Candidate genes from Flaviviridae infections
238(1)
Dengue virus
238(1)
West Nile virus
239(1)
Japanese encephalitis virus
240(1)
Yellow fever virus
240(1)
Hepatitis C virus
240(1)
Conclusions and future perspectives
241(1)
Policy and procedures
241(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
241(1)
Key facts of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS)
241(1)
Summary points
242(1)
References
242(3)
22 Hearing and Zika virus infection
Maria Helena de M. Barbosa
Maria Clara de Magalhaes-Barbosa
Arnaldo Prata-Barbosa
Introduction
245(1)
Auditory impairment in congenital Zika virus infection
246(1)
Auditory impairment in acquired Zika virus infection
247(1)
Pathogenesis
247(1)
Auditory screening and accompaniment
248(1)
For the future
248(1)
Policy and procedures: Hearing screening (Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, 2019)
249(1)
Policy and procedures: Major hearing assessment tests and their uses
249(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
250(1)
Key facts of hearing loss
251(1)
Summary points
251(1)
References
252(3)
23 Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: What it is and how it relates to Zika virus
Maira Cardoso Aspahan
Paulo Pereira Christo
Introduction
255(2)
Epidemiology
257(1)
Pathogenesis
257(1)
Clinical features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
258(1)
Clinical core symptoms of NMOSD and its relationship to ZIKV
258(1)
Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis associated with Zika virus
258(1)
Optic neuritis associated with ZIKV
261(1)
Encephalitis associated with ZIKV
261(1)
Treatment
261(1)
Acute treatment
262(1)
Long-term treatment
262(1)
Policy and procedures
263(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
263(1)
Key facts of NMOSD and ZIKV
264(1)
Summary points
264(1)
References
264(3)
24 Zika virus infection and cytokines
Simone G. Fonseca
Irmtraut Araci H. Pfrimer
Carla Judice
Fabio T.M. Costa
Helder I. Nakaya
Introduction
267(1)
Cytokine profiling in acute ZIKV infection
267(1)
Cytokines associated with symptoms of ZIKV infection
268(1)
ZIKV infection and interferon production
269(3)
Role of T cells in ZIKV infection
272(1)
Cytokines involved in neurological complications
272(1)
Cytokines involved in nonneurological complications
272(1)
Immunoprofiles associated with fetal abnormalities in ZIKV-positive pregnancies
273(1)
Concluding remarks
273(2)
Policy and procedures
275(1)
Assays for cytokine measurements
275(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
275(1)
Key facts
275(1)
Summary points
275(1)
References
276(3)
25 Urological sequels in the scope of the Congenital Zika Syndrome
Lucia Maria Costa Monteiro
Introduction
279(1)
Neurogenic bladder
280(1)
Diagnose of neurogenic bladder
281(1)
Urodynamic studies in children with special needs
281(2)
Neurogenic bladder as a urological sequel of congenital Zika syndrome
283(1)
Treatment of neurogenic bladder in congenital Zika syndrome
284(1)
Further studies related to Zika virus in the urological system
284(1)
Policy and procedures
284(2)
Mini-dictionary of terms
286(1)
Key facts
286(1)
Summary points
286(1)
Acknowledgments
287(1)
References
287(2)
26 Zika virus and impact on male fertility
Jocelyne Piret
Guy Boivin
Introduction
289(1)
Human cases of ZIKV sexual transmission
289(2)
Prolonged shedding of ZIKV in semen
291(1)
Replication of ZIKV in vitro
292(1)
Testis damage induced by ZIKV in animal models
293(1)
Sexual transmission of ZIKV and reduced male fertility in animal models
293(1)
Effects of ZIKV on sperm cells
294(1)
Experimental drugs against ZIKV infection of the MRT
294(1)
Experimental vaccines against ZIKV infection of the MRT
295(1)
Conclusions
296(1)
Policy and procedures
296(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
296(1)
Key facts of the impact of Zika virus on male fertility
296(1)
Summary points
296(1)
References
296(3)
27 Testicular cell types and infection by Zika virus
Luwanika Mlera
Marshall E. Bloom
Introduction
299(1)
Structural and functional anatomy of the testis
299(1)
Zika virus infection of testicular cells
300(1)
Testicular pathology associated with ZIKV infection
300(2)
Persistent ZIKV infection of testicular cells
302(1)
Testicular cell pathways affected by ZIKV infection
303(1)
Policy and procedures: Diagnosis of testicular infection by ZIKV, sexual transmission, and prevention
304(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
304(1)
Key facts of testicular cell types and infection by ZIKV
304(1)
Summary points
304(1)
Acknowledgment
305(1)
References
305(3)
28 Proteome alterations promoted by Zika virus infection
Juliana Miranda Tatara
Lucelia Santi
Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva
Introduction
308(1)
Strains and infection conditions
308(2)
Brazilian strains of ZIKV
310(1)
Proteomic techniques
311(1)
Main molecular alterations after ZIKV infection
311(1)
Signaling pathways are affected by ZIKV infection
312(1)
The immune cell response for viral infection
312(1)
Neurological-associated molecular alterations caused by ZIKV
312(1)
Alteration of metabolic processes as a consequence of ZIKV infection
313(1)
Concluding remarks
314(1)
Policy and procedures
314(1)
Measuring of the head circumference
314(1)
Sample preparation for mass spectrometry
314(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
314(1)
Key facts
314(1)
Summary points
315(1)
References
315(4)
29 SOMAscan proteomics of Zika-infected cells
Kevin M. Coombs
Introduction
319(1)
Proteomics
319(1)
SOMAscans as an alternate proteomic strategy
320(1)
SOMAscan-determined protein dysregulations in cancer and neurological diseases
321(1)
SOMAscan-determined ZIKV-induced protein dysregulation
321(1)
ZIKV infection induces similar and dissimilar protein dysregulation in different cells
322(1)
Different biological functions are activated and inhibited by ZIKV in a cell-dependent manner
323(1)
Future perspectives
323(1)
Policy and procedures: Measuring host protein alterations
324(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
324(1)
Key facts of Zika virus-induced proteomic responses
324(1)
Summary points
324(1)
References
325(2)
30 Zika virus as an oncolytic therapy against brain tumors
Carolini Kaid
Matt Sherwood
Thiago Mitsugi
Mayana Zatz
Introduction
327(1)
Brain tumors
327(1)
Brain tumor treatment challenges
328(1)
ZIKA virotherapy
328(1)
ZIKV and brain tumors
329(1)
ZIKV against glioblastoma
329(1)
ZIKV and embryonal CNS tumors
330(1)
ZIKV and ependymoma
331(1)
ZIKV against non-CNS and prostate tumors
333(1)
Virotherapy is an immunotherapy
333(1)
Safety, virus delivery, and conclusion
334(1)
ZIKV virotherapy safety
334(1)
ZIKV virotherapy delivery and outcome in a canine model
334(1)
Conclusion
335(1)
Policy and procedures
335(1)
In vitro assays, cell line establishment, human samples, and ZIKA virus strain
335(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
335(1)
Key facts
336(1)
Summary points
336(1)
References
336(5)
Section C International aspects
31 Zika virus in Brazil
Andrezza Nascimento
Alberto Jose da Silva Duarte
Sabri Saeed Sanabani
Historical perspective
341(1)
Introduction of ZIKV to Brazil
342(2)
ZIKV phylogenetics
344(1)
ZIKA vectors in Brazil
344(1)
ZIKA epidemiology update
345(1)
Conclusion
345(1)
Policy and procedures
346(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
346(1)
Key facts of Brazil
346(1)
Summary points
346(1)
References
347(4)
32 Zika virus and the Middle East
Eyal Meltzer
Introduction
351(1)
Definitions
351(1)
ZIKV vectors in the Middle East
351(2)
Travel-related ZIKV in the Middle East
353(1)
Current recommendations for testing returning travelers for ZIKV
353(1)
Israel
354(1)
Turkey
354(1)
Travel-related ZIKV in the rest of the Middle East
354(1)
What can we learn from the absence of Zika in the Middle East?
354(1)
Conclusions
355(1)
Policy and procedures
355(1)
Testing returning travelers for Zika virus
355(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
356(1)
Key facts on Zika virus in travelers from the Middle East
356(1)
Summary points
356(1)
References
356(3)
33 Genetic diversity of Zika virus in Thailand: How does this compare with other countries
Atchara Phumee
Padet Siriyasatien
Introduction
359(1)
Timeline of the ZIKV outbreaks in Thailand
360(1)
Vectors of ZIKV
361(1)
ZIKV genetic variability in Thailand
361(1)
Policy and procedures
362(1)
Phylogenetic tree construction
362(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
362(1)
Key facts of Zika virus (ZIKV)
363(1)
Summary points
363(1)
References
364(3)
34 Zika virus in Vietnam: Biology, transmission, pathology, associated conditions, and controls
Nguyen Thai Son
Ho Huu Tho
Dinh-Toi Chu
Introduction
367(1)
Biology of ZIKV in Vietnam
368(1)
Transmission of ZIKV in Vietnam
368(1)
Pathology of ZIKV infection in Vietnam
369(1)
Associated conditions of ZIKV infection in Vietnam
370(2)
Controls of ZIKV in Vietnam
372(1)
Policy and procedures
372(1)
Key facts
373(1)
Summary points
373(1)
References
373(4)
35 Zika virus in Vietnam: Epidemic, distribution, strain origin, and potential risks for community health
Dinh-Toi Chu
Tiep Tien Nguyen
Nguyen Thai Son
Introduction
377(1)
Epidemics of ZIKV in Vietnam
378(1)
Distribution of ZIKV in Vietnam
379(2)
Strain origin of ZIKV in Vietnam
381(1)
Potential risks of ZIKV in Vietnam
381(1)
Policy and procedures: Mosquito vector control
382(1)
Key facts from the World Health Organization
382(1)
Summary points
383(1)
References
383(4)
36 Zika virus infection in Mexico: Epidemiological and clinical data
Alfonso Vallejos Paras
Concepcion Grajales Muniz
Teresita Rojas Mendoza
Lumumba Arriaga Nieto
David Alejandro Cabrera Gaytan
Introduction
387(1)
Background
388(1)
Zika distribution and extent in Mexico
388(2)
Microcephaly and congenital syndrome associated with Zika
390(1)
Gulllain-Barre syndrome associated with Zika in Mexico
391(1)
Policy and procedures
391(1)
Probable case in pregnant women with Zika virus disease
391(1)
Confirmed case of Zika virus disease
391(1)
Discarded case of Zika virus disease
391(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
391(1)
Key facts
392(1)
Summary points
392(1)
References
392(5)
Section D Features of the virus and transmission
37 Cytopathicity and pathogenesis of Zika virus strains
Sergio P. Alpuche-Lazcano
Anne Gatignol
Introduction
397(2)
ZIKV genome and evolution
399(1)
Cytopathic effects and replication capacity of ZIKV lineages
399(1)
The innate immune cell response triggered by different ZIKV lineages contributes to their cytopathicity
400(1)
Cellular RNA interference and stress response contribute to cytopathicity
401(1)
Contemporary Asian-American ZIKV strains contain key mutations that contribute to the pathogenesis
402(1)
Conclusion
403(1)
Policy and procedures
403(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
404(1)
Key facts of cytopathicity and pathogenesis
404(1)
Summary points of cytopathicity and pathogenesis
404(1)
References
405(4)
38 Molecular evolution and codon usage bias of Zika virus
Marianoel Pereira-Gomez
Juan Cristina
Introduction
409(1)
What is codon usage bias?
410(1)
Evolutionary theories of codon usage bias
410(1)
Genetic variability and molecular evolution of ZIKV
410(1)
Evolution of the codon usage bias in ZIKV
411(2)
Vaccines development as application of the study of codon usage bias in viruses
413(1)
Conclusions and future directions
414(1)
Policy and procedures: Quantification of codon usage bias
414(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
415(1)
Key facts of codon usage in ZIKV
415(1)
Summary points
416(1)
References
416(3)
39 Endosomal compartmentation and the transport route of Zika virus
Katarzyna Owczarek
Krzysztof Pyre
Introduction
419(1)
The Zika virus
420(1)
Apoptotic mimicry of ZIKV
421(1)
Interaction between the Zika virus and the cell
421(1)
Clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Zika virus
422(1)
Intracellular trafficking of the ZIKV
423(2)
Early stages of virus infection and antiviral drug development
425(1)
Final remarks
426(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
426(1)
Key facts of intracellular transport compartments
426(1)
Key facts of ZIKV structure
427(1)
Summary points
427(1)
References
427(4)
40 Location of virus antigens in murine tissues infected with Zika virus
Antonio Pedro Alves de Matos
Libia Ze-Ze
Fatima Amaro
Maria Joao Alves
Introduction
431(1)
Mouse models of ZIKV infection
432(1)
Spread of ZIKV through the infected mice
433(2)
The congenital Zika syndrome
435(1)
Other nervous structures
436(1)
Infection of the placenta
436(1)
Infection of the reproductive system
437(1)
Policy and procedures: Immunofluorescence stain for frozen tissue sections
438(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
438(1)
Key facts of ZIKV distribution in mice
439(1)
Summary points
439(1)
References
439(4)
41 The role of seminal Zika viral shedding: Tropism, duration, and magnitude
Erin M. McDonald
Aaron C. Brault
Introduction
443(1)
Zika virus tropism for the male reproductive tract
443(1)
The epididymis is critical for sexual transmission
444(1)
ZIKV infects the testis and seminal vesicles
445(2)
Duration and magnitude of ZIKV shedding in semen
447(1)
Concluding remarks
448(1)
Policy and procedures
448(1)
Molecular detection of Zika viral RNA in seminal fluids
448(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
449(1)
Key facts of Zika virus sexual transmission
449(1)
Summary points
449(1)
References
450(3)
42 Nonhuman occurrence of Zika virus infection: Implications for control
Cecile Beck
Rodolphe Hamel
Marine Dumarest
Gaelle Gonzalez
Sylvie Lecollinet
Introduction
453(1)
Role of vertebrate animals in ZIKV epidemiology
454(1)
Sylvatic transmission cycle
454(1)
Urban transmission cycle
457(1)
Identification of ZIKV new reservoir hosts
458(1)
Laboratory diagnosis
458(1)
The contribution of animal models to the study of Zika virus infections
458(3)
Conclusion
461(1)
Policy and procedures
461(1)
Serological assays for evaluating animal exposure to ZIKV
461(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
462(1)
Key facts on the role of animals in ZIKV transmission
462(1)
Summary points
462(1)
References
462(5)
43 Zika virus intrusion into the blood supply: Concerns about transfusion safety
Bruno Deltreggia Benites
Marcelo Addas-Carvalho
Introduction
467(1)
Viral dissemination: Identification of ZIKV in asymptomatic blood donors
467(1)
Potential risks of transfusion transmission and vulnerable populations
468(1)
Transfusion transmission mitigation strategies
469(1)
Identification of at-risk donors
469(1)
Pathogen inactivation methods
470(1)
Patient Blood Management and the use of more restrictive transfusion strategies
471(1)
Current recommendations
471(1)
Conclusions and pending research areas
472(1)
Policy and procedures
472(1)
Investigation of possible transfusion- transmitted infections
472(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
473(1)
Key facts of pathogen inactivation techniques
473(1)
Summary points
473(1)
References
474(5)
Section E Resources
44 Research and recommended resources on Zika virus, pathology, and control
Rajkumar Rajendram
Victor R. Preedy
Vinood B. Patel
Introduction
479(1)
Bibliometric statistics
480(2)
Resources
482(8)
Policy and procedure
490(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
490(1)
Key facts
490(1)
Summary points
491(1)
Acknowledgments
491(1)
References
491(2)
Index
493
Volume 2: Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control, and Models: The Neuroscience of Zika Virus
Contributors
xix
Foreword
xxv
Preface
xxvii
Section A Zika virus: Setting the scene
1 How Zika virus emerged and spread worldwide
Joselio Maria Galvdo de Aratijo
Manuela Sales Lima Nascimento
Paulo Marcos da Matta Guedes
Jose Verissimo Fernandes
African origin of Zika virus and its dispersion to Asia
3(2)
Introduction of ZIKV in Oceania
5(1)
Introduction of ZIKV in the Americas
6(3)
Reintroduction of ZIKV in Africa
9(1)
Policy and procedures
9(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
10(1)
Key facts
10(1)
Summary points
10(1)
References
10(5)
2 Clinical neurological spectrum of adult and congenital ZIKV infection: An overview of virology, pathogenesis, and management
Walter Sze Tung Lam
Tay Wei Xuan
Paul Ananth Tambyah
Derek Tuck Loong Soon
Virology of Zika virus
15(1)
Introduction to Zika virus
15(1)
Epidemiology of Zika virus
16(1)
Pathogenesis of Zika virus
16(1)
Mechanisms of infection
16(1)
Clinical presentation of ZIKV infection
18(1)
Neurological manifestations of ZIKV infection
18(3)
Clinical management of ZIKA infections
21(1)
Diagnosis of ZIKA infections
21(1)
Treatment of ZIKV infections
23(1)
Possibility of a vaccine for ZIKA?
23(1)
Subsection policy and procedures
24(1)
Screening for ZIKA virus among pregnant women
24(1)
Screening for congenital microcephaly
24(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
24(1)
Key facts of Zika virus neurological manifestations
25(1)
Key facts of congenital ZIKV syndrome
25(1)
Summary points
25(1)
References
26(3)
3 Classification of Zika virus sequences with respect to their species and subspecies
Joilson Xavier
Stephane Tosta
Talita Adelino
Vagner Fonseca
Marta Giovanetti
Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
Introduction
29(1)
Zika virus sequences from African countries
30(1)
Zika virus sequences from the Asian region
30(1)
Evolution of the Asian lineage
30(1)
Spread of the Asian lineage to Pacific and Americas
31(2)
The proposition of three lineages
33(1)
Conclusion
34(1)
Policy and procedures
34(1)
Sequencing
34(1)
Classification of sequences
35(1)
Genetic sequence database
35(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
35(1)
Key facts of Zika virus lineage
35(1)
Summary points
35(1)
References
36(3)
4 Health knowledge about Zika virus: Brazil aspects
Ana Luiza Vilela Borges
Raquel Zanatta Coutinho
Introduction
39(2)
Public health response on vector control: Communicational strategies and perceptions of risk
41(1)
Advice to delay pregnancy as a public health strategy
42(1)
Awareness and knowledge about Zika virus in Brazil
43(1)
Consequences of the Zika virus epidemics on health services response and on reproductive behaviors
44(1)
Conclusion
45(1)
Policy and procedures
46(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
46(1)
Key facts of Zika virus knowledge in Brazil
46(1)
Summary points
47(1)
References
47(2)
5 Zika virus infection and replication organelle biogenesis
Masashi Arakawa
Eiji Morita
Introduction
49(1)
Zika virus infection induces intracellular membrane remodeling and viral replication organelle formation
50(1)
Viral proteins required for viral replication organelle biogenesis
50(1)
ER membrane proteins involved in the formation of viral replication organelle
51(1)
Endosomal sorting complex required for transport-mediated membrane invagination and fission
52(1)
Autophagic machinery is activated in the ZIKV-infected cells
53(1)
Membrane lipids involved in the formation of viral replication organelle
54(1)
Concluding remarks
54(1)
Policy and procedures
54(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
55(1)
Key facts of virus replication organelle biogenesis
55(1)
Summary points
55(1)
References
55(6)
Section B Microcephaly and congenital syndromes
6 Microcephaly: Zika and other congenital infections
Lawrence Frenkel
Fernando Gomez
Microcephaly and TORCH agents
61(1)
Development of microcephaly in congenital infections
61(1)
Pathogen characteristics
62(1)
Zika virus
62(1)
Rubella virus
63(1)
Toxoplasma gondii
64(1)
Cytomegalovirus
65(1)
The pathogenesis of congenital infections
66(1)
Zika virus
67(1)
Rubella virus
67(1)
Toxoplasma gondii
68(1)
Cytomegalovirus
68(1)
Policy and procedures
69(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
69(1)
Key facts on microcephaly secondary to intrauterine infections
70(1)
Summary points
70(1)
References
70(5)
7 Zika and impact on the nervous system in children
Aline Almeida Bentes
Erna Geessien Kroon
Introduction
75(1)
Epidemiology
76(1)
Clinical manifestations
76(1)
Congenital Zika virus infection
77(1)
Neurological complications associated with Zika infection
77(1)
Neuropathogenesis
78(1)
Diagnosis
78(1)
Management
79(1)
Prevention
79(2)
Mini-dictionary of terms
81(1)
Key facts
81(1)
Summary points
81(1)
References
81(4)
8 Use of induced pluripotent stem cells and cerebral organoids to profile Zika virus infection: Features and findings
Fernanda Majolo
Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
Pamella Nunes Azevedo
Guilherme Liberato da Silva
Denise Cantarelli Machado
Jaderson Costa DaCosta
Introduction
85(1)
Experimental models to study neurological diseases
86(1)
Induced pluripotent stem cells
86(1)
iPSCs X Zika virus
87(1)
Cerebral organoids
89(1)
Cerebral organoids X Zika virus
90(1)
Perspectives and conclusions
91(1)
Policy and procedures
92(1)
Materials and methods
92(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
92(1)
Key facts
93(1)
Summary points
93(1)
Acknowledgments
93(1)
References
93(4)
9 Zika, miRNAs, and microcephaly genes
Omar Bagasra
Ewen McLean
Introduction
97(1)
ZIKV-induced cranial morphology
98(1)
Molecular pathogenesis
98(1)
Microcephaly genes
99(1)
ZIKV and miRNAs
99(4)
Microcephaly genes
103(1)
MCPH genes and the miRs connection
104(1)
MCPH mutations and the miR link
105(1)
Summary points
106(1)
References
106(3)
Further reading
109(3)
10 Adherens junctions and cell polarity: What they are and how they relate to congenital Zika virus syndrome
Felipe A. Bustamante-Barrientos
Roberto Henzi
Luis Federico Batiz
Cadherin-based adherens junctions and neural development
112(1)
Cell polarity and symmetric versus asymmetric cell division
113(1)
Flaviviruses and their impact on the expression and distribution of cell adhesion molecules
114(3)
Current knowledge on the impact of N-cadherin-based AJs and apical-basal polarity of RGCs in ZIKV-induced neuropathology
117(1)
Policy and procedures
118(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
118(1)
Key facts of neurodevelopmental disorders
119(1)
Summary points
119(1)
Acknowledgments
119(1)
References
119(6)
Section C Guillain-Barre syndrome
11 Severe Guillain-Barre syndrome
Selman Kesici
Benan Bayrakci
Introduction
125(1)
Pathophysiology of Guillain-Barre syndrome
126(1)
Clinical presentation
127(1)
Severe GBS
127(1)
Laboratory tests
128(1)
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
128(1)
Electrodiagnostic studies
128(1)
Antiganglioside antibodies and preceding infections
128(1)
Imaging
128(1)
Treatment
129(1)
IVIG
129(1)
Plasma exchange
130(1)
Combination treatment options
130(1)
Zipper method
130(1)
Policy and procedures: Diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome
131(1)
Treatment
131(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
132(1)
Key facts of plasma exchange
132(1)
Summary points
132(1)
References
132(3)
12 Oxidative stress in Guillain-Barre syndrome and linkage with neurology
Serdar Barakli
Sadiye Gumusyayla
Gunul Vural
Orhan Deniz
Introduction
135(1)
Oxidative stress in demyelinating diseases
136(1)
Free radicals and enzymatic antioxidation in GBS
137(1)
GBS and lipophilic antioxidants
138(1)
Uric acid, albumin, and haptoglobin as the antioxidant substrate in patients with GBS
138(1)
T cell activity in GBS
139(1)
Policy and procedures
140(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
140(1)
Key facts of oxidative stress in GBS
140(1)
Summary points
140(1)
References
141(2)
13 Neuromuscular effects and rehabilitation in Guillain-Barre syndrome
Thomas Harbo
Henning Andersen
Introduction
143(1)
Pharmacological treatment
144(1)
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation
144(1)
Exercise
145(1)
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
145(1)
Virtual motor rehabilitation system
146(1)
Safety
146(1)
Policy and procedures
146(1)
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation protocol
146(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
147(1)
Key facts of neuromuscular rehabilitation in GBS
147(1)
Summary points of neuromuscular rehabilitation in GBS
147(1)
References
148(3)
14 Postinfectious demyelinating diseases: Guillain-Barre syndrome and beyond
T. Foiadelli
C. Trabatti
G.L. Marseglia
S. Savasta
Introduction
151(1)
Zika virus and peripheral nervous system inflammatory and demyelinating diseases
152(3)
Zika virus and central nervous system inflammatory and demyelinating diseases
155(1)
Challenges in the diagnosis of ZIKV and the role of other flavivirus infection
156(1)
Conclusions
157(1)
Policy and procedures
157(1)
International classification criteria for inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system
157(1)
Zika antibody and nucleic acid amplification testing
158(1)
References (related to policy and procedures)
158(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
159(1)
Key facts
160(1)
Key facts of Zika virus-related neurological disorders
160(1)
Key facts of demyelinating diseases
160(1)
Summary points
160(1)
References
161(5)
15 Linking in placental alterations, Zika virus, and Guillain-Barre syndrome
Kissila Rabelo
Natalia Gededo Salomao
Marciano Viana Paes
Introduction
166(1)
The placenta and vertical transmission
166(1)
Placental permissiveness to ZIKV
167(1)
Histopathological aspects and changes in ZIKV-infected placentas
167(1)
Cell subpopulations and cytokines in ZIKV-infected placentas
168(1)
The Guillain-Barre syndrome
169(1)
The clinical of GBS
169(1)
The GBS associated with ZIKV infection
170(1)
Conclusion
171(1)
Policy and procedures
171(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
171(1)
Key facts of ZIKV-infected placentas and GBS associated to ZIKV
171(2)
Summary points
173(1)
References
173(6)
Section D Case studies and short reports
16 Case study: Neuroimaging of adults and Zika virus
Diogo Goulart Correa
Luiz Celso Hygino da Cruz
Introduction
179(1)
Case study
179(2)
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
181(1)
Imaging findings of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
181(2)
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and Zika virus
183(1)
Conclusion
183(1)
Policy and procedures
183(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
183(1)
Key facts of Zika virus infection complicated by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
183(1)
Summary points
184(1)
References
184(1)
17 Case study: Magnetic resonance imaging and babies with Zika virus infection
Diogo Goulart Correa
Heron Werner
Luiz Celso Hygino da Cruz
Introduction
185(1)
Case study
186(4)
Transmission and pathogenesis
190(1)
Clinical manifestations of congenital Zika syndrome
190(1)
Conclusion
191(1)
Policy and procedures
191(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
191(1)
Key facts of imaging of congenital Zika syndrome
191(1)
Summary points
192(1)
References
192(1)
18 A case study of Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Zika virus infection
Jose Luis Soto-Hernandez
Karina Carrillo Loza
Steven Vargas Canas
Setting
193(1)
Clinical case study of Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Zika virus infection
194(1)
Onset of disease
194(1)
Hospital course
194(1)
Transfer to intensive care unit
194(1)
Evolution after hospital discharge
195(1)
Policy and procedures
196(1)
Diagnosis of ZIKV infection in patients with GBS
196(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
197(1)
Summary points
198(1)
References
198(3)
19 Clinical manifestations and outcomes of Guillain-Barre syndrome complicating Zika virus infection
Ayman Alboudi
Andrew Jameson
Introduction
201(1)
Clinical description
202(1)
Laboratory test
202(1)
Treatment and recovery
202(1)
Discussion
202(1)
Policy and procedures: Diagnostic criteria of GBS
203(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
203(1)
Key facts of Guillain-Barre syndrome
203(1)
Summary points
204(1)
References
204(3)
20 Auditory brainstem in Zika virus: Insights about brain development in microcephaly
Dimitri Marques Abramov
Tania Regina Saad Salles
Cecilia Hedin-Pereira
Maria Elizabeth Lopes Moreira
Vladimir V. Lazarev
Introduction
207(1)
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in microcephaly caused by the Zika virus
207(2)
The brainstem in congenital Zika virus syndrome
209(1)
Zika pathogenesis and brainstem ontogenesis
210(1)
Policy and procedures
210(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
210(1)
Key facts of brainstem auditory evoked potentials
211(1)
Summary points
211(1)
References
211(4)
Section E Methods, biomarkers, and diagnosis
21 Magnetic resonance imaging use in detecting neurological abnormalities in Zika virus infection
Diogo Goulart Correa
Heron Werner
Osvaldo J.M. Nascimento
Luiz Celso Hygino da Cruz Junior
Introduction
215(1)
Congenital Zika syndrome
216(1)
Neuroimaging findings
216(5)
Neurological complications of postnatal acquired Zika virus infection
221(1)
Guillain-Barre syndrome
222(1)
Encephalitis/meningoencephalitis
224(1)
Myelitis
224(1)
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
224(1)
Differential diagnosis
228(1)
Conclusion
228(1)
Policy and procedures
228(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
228(1)
Key facts of imaging of neurological complications of Zika virus infection
229(1)
Summary points
229(1)
References
229(2)
22 Magnetic modulation biosensing: How it works and how it can be used to detect the Zika virus
Shira Roth
Amos Danielli
Introduction
231(1)
State-of-the-art ZIKV serological and antigenemia assays
232(1)
ELISA
232(1)
Immune-magnetic assay
233(1)
Lateral flow assays
233(1)
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices
233(1)
Time-resolved Forster resonance energy transfer
233(1)
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based sandwich immunoassays
234(1)
Magnetic modulation biosensing (MMB)-based assay
234(1)
ZIKV IgM and IgG MMB-based assay vs EUROIMMUN ELISA (analytical sensitivity and dynamic range)
234(1)
ZIKV IgM and IgG MMB-based assay vs EUROIMMUN ELISA (clinical sensitivity, specificity, and cross-reactivity)
234(2)
Future research
236(1)
Policy and procedures
236(1)
MMB system
236(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
237(1)
Key facts of ZIKV serological assays
238(1)
Summary points
239(1)
References
240(3)
23 RNA extraction techniques of different body fluids for Zika virus: Blood, genitourinary specimens, saliva, and other relevant fluids
Shannon E. Ronca
Bonnie E. Gulas-Wroblewski
Rebecca B. Kairis
Kristy O. Murray
Introduction
243(1)
Blood products
243(1)
Serum
245(1)
Plasma
245(1)
Whole blood
245(1)
Genitourinary and gastrointestinal specimens
245(1)
Urine
245(1)
Semen
247(1)
Vaginal secretions
248(1)
Amniotic fluid
248(1)
Anorectal mucus
249(1)
Additional fluids
249(1)
Saliva samples
249(1)
Breast milk
249(1)
Policy and procedures
250(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
250(1)
Key facts of viral diagnostics
250(1)
Summary points
250(1)
References
250(5)
24 Saliva and urine analysis of Zika virus using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)
Talita Castro
Introduction
255(1)
Zika virus in saliva
256(1)
Zika virus in urine
256(1)
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)
257(1)
Zika virus detection through LAMP
257(2)
Conclusions
259(1)
Policy and procedures
259(1)
Policy and procedures: Positive samples
259(1)
Policy and procedures: Positive controls
259(1)
Policy and procedures: Saliva collection
259(1)
Policy and procedures: Zika virus analysis through LAMP
259(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
259(1)
Key facts
259(1)
Key facts of saliva
259(1)
Key facts of LAMP
260(1)
Summary points
260(1)
References
260(3)
25 Graphene-based biosensors for the detection of Zika virus
Ameya Chaudhari
Prajakta Dandekar
Introduction
263(1)
Graphene-based biosensors
264(1)
Diagnostics methods for detecting Zika virus
265(1)
Traditional diagnostic methods for detecting Zika virus
265(1)
Recent diagnostic methods for detecting Zika virus
267(1)
Graphene-based biosensors for the detection of ZIKV
268(1)
Field effect biosensing with monoclonal antibodies
268(1)
Surface imprint-based electrochemical biosensor
269(1)
Current challenges and conclusion
269(1)
Policy and procedure: Testing for Zika virus infections
270(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
270(1)
Key facts of graphene biosensors
270(1)
Summary points
270(1)
References
271(2)
26 The ZIKV Detect IgM Capture ELISA
Alison Jane Basile
Holly R. Hughes
Introduction
273(1)
Composition and assay protocol of the ZIKV Detect 2.0 IgM Capture ELISA
274(1)
Results classification
274(1)
Performance of the InBios ZIKV Detect 2.0 IgM Capture ELISA compared with the original version
275(1)
Other studies using InBios ZIKV Detect IgM Capture ELISA
276(1)
Applicability of the InBios ZIKV Detect 2.0 IgM Capture ELISA to clinical diagnostic testing
277(1)
Regulatory status and labeling
277(1)
Performance of the InBios ZIKV Detect IgM Capture ELISA in proficiency testing
277(2)
Policy and procedures
279(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
279(1)
Key facts of InBios ZIKV Detect IgM 2.0 Capture ELISA
279(1)
Summary points
280(1)
References
280(4)
27 Quantum dot-based fluoroassays for Zika
Jessika F.F. Ribeiro
Maria I.A. Pereira
Paulo E. Cabral Filho
Giovannia A.L. Pereira
Beate S. Santos
Goreti Pereira
Adriana Fontes
Introduction
284(1)
Basic principles of QDs and their potential to bioanalysis
284(1)
Brief introduction to QDs
284(1)
QDs and optical biosensing
285(1)
Zika QD-based detection methods
286(1)
Zika antigen detection
286(1)
ZIKV RNA detection
287(1)
ZIKV antibody detection
288(1)
Policy and procedures
289(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
289(1)
Key facts of quantum dot-based assays
290(1)
Summary points
290(1)
References
290(3)
28 Serological detection of specific IgA antibodies against Zika virus nonstructural protein 1 contributes to diagnosis of acute Zika virus infections
Katja Steinhagen
Viola Borchardt-Loholter
Konstanze Stiba
Julia Maria Klemens
Erik Lattwein
Sandra Saschenbrecker
Wolfgang Schiumberger
Introduction
293(1)
Diagnosis of ZIKV infections by means of laboratory methods
293(1)
Kinetic profiles of specific anti-ZIKV antibodies of classes IgM and IgG
294(1)
The challenge: Diagnosing ZIKV infection based on the serological evidence obtained with a single serum sample
295(1)
Kinetics of specific IgA antibodies in acute ZIKV infection
296(1)
Can anti-ZIKV IgA antibodies contribute to the detection of acute ZIKV infection in an endemic setting?
297(1)
Added value of specific IgA antibodies to the serodiagnosis of acute ZIKV infection
297(2)
Policy and procedures
299(1)
Principle of the anti-Zika virus ELISA (IgAM)
299(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
300(1)
Key facts
300(1)
Summary points
300(1)
References
300(3)
29 Serological algorithms: How they can be used for differentiating ZIKV from DENV infection
Day-Yu Chao
Gwong-Jen J. Chang
Introduction
303(1)
Antibody response after flavivirus infection
304(1)
Serological methods used to detect anti-ZIKV antibodies
304(3)
Cross-reactivity of anti-E and NS1 antibody between ZIKV and DENV
307(2)
Current algorithms proposed for differentiation
309(2)
Future perspectives and challenges
311(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
311(1)
Key facts
311(1)
Window of detestability using different diagnostic tools
311(1)
Serocomplex
311(1)
Reassured
311(1)
Cross-reactivity of flavivirus-specific antibody
312(1)
Antibody kinetics
312(1)
Summary points
312(1)
References
312(5)
Section F Control, vaccines, and treatments
30 Aedes aegypti and the use of natural molecules for its control: Implications in the decrease of Zika disease
Stelia Mendez-Sanchez
Duverney Chaverra-Rodriguez
Jonny Duque
Introduction
317(1)
What should be considered as a natural molecule with pesticide activity?
318(1)
Insecticidal and repellents are toxins, no matter its origin
319(1)
Multieffect of natural molecules with potential use against Ae. aegypti
319(1)
Market availability of pesticides made with NaM
320(1)
Challenges of producing marketable products from NaM
321(1)
Search of new compounds with insecticidal or repellent activity
321(1)
The implications of using natural molecules on the reduction of the incidence of Zika disease
322(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
323(1)
Key facts of the use of natural molecules for mosquito control
324(1)
Summary points
324(1)
Acknowledgments
324(1)
References
324(3)
31 Strategies of Zika virus control with larvicides and their toxic potential: A focus on pyriproxyfen
Patricia e Silva Alves
Maria das Dores Alves de Oliveira
Teresinha De Jesus Aguiar Dos Santos Andrade
Nerilson Marques Lima
Joaquim Soares da Costa Junior
Introduction
327(1)
Pesticide pyriproxyfen
329(1)
Policy and procedures
330(1)
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
330(1)
Vector control strategies
330(1)
Use of insecticides/pesticides to control ZIKV
332(1)
Innovative strategies
333(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
333(1)
Key facts of virus incidence and control strategies
334(1)
Summary points
334(1)
References
334(3)
32 Larvicides: Plant oils and Zika control
Taruna Kaura
Naveed Pervaiz
Abhishek Mewara
Introduction
337(1)
Requirement of plant-derived/essential oil-based insect repellents
338(1)
Plant essential oils for mosquito repellency
338(1)
Citronella
339(1)
Clove oil
339(1)
p-Menthane-3,8-diol
339(1)
Permethrin
339(1)
Methods of extraction of plant-based repellents
340(1)
Promising developments in plant-based repellents and efficacy of plant oils to control different vector-borne (mosquito) diseases
340(2)
Laboratory setup and equipment required for essential oil testing
342(1)
Future research areas of using essential oils for mosquito control
343(2)
Conclusion
345(1)
Policy and procedures
345(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
345(1)
Key facts of plant essential oils (EOs)
345(1)
Summary points
346(1)
References
346(3)
33 Pyridobenzothiazolones as anti-flavivirus agents: Impact on Zika virus
Maria Sole Burali
Giuseppe Manfroni
A brief introduction
349(1)
The discovery of PBTZ 1 (HeE1-2Tyr) as anti-flavivirus inhibitor
350(1)
From the hit identification to the hit explosion: Design of potent, selective, and broad-spectrum anti-flavivirus PBTZs
351(3)
Unraveling the mechanism of action of PBTZs
354(1)
Impact of PBTZs on ZIKV drug discovery and conclusions
355(1)
Policy and procedures
356(1)
Pyridobenzothiazolones preparation
356(1)
In vitro assays for evaluating DENY and WNV polymerase inhibition
356(1)
Competitive NS3-NS
S5
ELISA interaction assay
356(1)
Cell assays for evaluating anti-flavivirus activity
356(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
357(1)
Key facts of Zika treatment
357(1)
Summary points
357(1)
References
357(2)
34 The development of human monoclonal antibodies against Zika virus
Cui Li
Zhiheng Xu
Introduction
359(1)
Convalescent serum
360(1)
Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
360(1)
ZIKV E protein
361(1)
Human mAbs targeting ZIKV E protein
361(1)
Human mAbs targeting NS1 protein
363(1)
Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE)
363(1)
Summary
364(1)
Policy and procedures: Isolation of mAbs from infected humans
364(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
364(1)
Key facts about neutralizing antibodies
365(1)
Summary points
365(1)
References
365(2)
35 The Zika virus NS1 protein as a vaccine targe
Mark J. Bailey
Gene S. Tan
Introduction
367(1)
Current available flavivirus vaccines
368(1)
Correlates of protection
368(1)
Protection mediated by NS1-specific antibodies
369(1)
The mechanism of NS1 antibody-based protection
369(1)
Fc-mediated effector functions of ZIKV glycoprotein-specific antibodies
370(1)
Candidate ZIKV vaccines
371(1)
Summary
372(1)
Policy and procedures
372(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
372(1)
Key facts of antibodies that target the NS1
373(1)
Key facts of flavivirus envelope glycoproteins
373(1)
Summary points
373(1)
References
374(3)
36 Zika vaccines must prevent sexual transmission
Omar Bagasra
Ewen McLean
Introduction
377(2)
Current vaccine effort to quell ZIKV
379(2)
Summary points
381(1)
References
381(4)
37 Nucleoside analogue inhibitors for Zika virus infection
Jean A. Bernatchez
Michael Coste
Byron W. Purse
Jair L. Siqueira-Neto
Introduction
385(1)
Zika virus (ZIKV) genome replication and structure/function of ZIKV NS5
385(1)
Nucleoside analogues (Nis) as treatments for viral infections
386(1)
Nucleoside analogue prodrugs and ribonucleoside analogue phosphorylation
387(1)
Chemistry
387(1)
Ribose modifications
387(1)
Nucleobase modifications and selection
388(1)
Phosphate modifications
388(1)
Enzymology
389(1)
Virology
389(1)
Activity of nucleoside analogues against ZIKV and related flaviviruses in cell model and animal models
389(1)
Conclusion
389(2)
Policy and procedures: Cell assays for evaluating anti-ZIKV compounds in vitro
391(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
391(2)
Key facts of nucleoside analogues for ZIKV
393(1)
Summary points
394(1)
References
394(3)
38 Medicinal plants as promising source of natural antiviral substances against
Zika virus Juliano G. Haddad
Gilles Gadea
Philippe Despres
Chaker El Kalamouni
Introduction
397(1)
Molecular tools to assess anti-ZIKV compounds
398(1)
Full genome reporter
398(1)
Minimal replication units
398(1)
Isolated enzymes or catalytic domains
399(1)
Plant-derived antivirals against ZIKV
399(1)
ZIKV infectivity inhibitors
399(1)
ZIKV entry inhibitors
401(1)
ZIKV RNA synthesis inhibitors
401(1)
ZIKV protease inhibitors
402(1)
ZIKV polymerase inhibitors
402(1)
Concluding remarks
402(1)
Policy and procedures: Method to assess plant-derived antivirals in vivo
402(2)
Mini-dictionary of terms
404(1)
Keys facts of phytochemicals evaluated in vitro and in vivo
405(1)
Summary points
405(1)
References
405(4)
39 Protein kinase C as a target in the control of viruses and implication for Zika virus
A.B. Blazquez
J.C. Saiz
Introduction
409(1)
PKC structure and classification
409(1)
PKC activation and functions
410(1)
Role of PKC on viral infections
411(1)
PKC implications for Zika virus and other related flaviviruses
411(1)
Modulation of PKC for the control of viruses
412(1)
Conclusions
412(1)
Policy and procedures
412(1)
PKCs structure and isoform roles
412(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
412(1)
Key facts of protein kinases C
412(1)
Summary points
413(1)
References
413(4)
40 Nanotechnology applied in the control and diagnosis of Zika virus and its vectors
Gabriel Augusto Pires de Souza
Livia Sacchetto
Betania Paiva Drumond
Jonatas Santos Abrando
Tulio Cesar Rodrigues Leite
Breno de Mello Silva
Anna Carolina Toledo da Cunha Pereira
Gustavo Portela Ferreira
Luiz Cosme Cotta Malaquias
Luiz Felipe Leomil Coelho
Introduction
417(1)
Nanotechnological strategies for Zika virus diagnosis
417(2)
Nanotechnological strategies for control of ZIKV vectors
419(2)
Nanotechnological strategies for antiviral and vaccine development
421(2)
Conclusion
423(1)
Policy and procedures
423(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
423(1)
Key facts of nanomedicine and nanoparticles
423(1)
Summary points
424(1)
References
424(5)
Section G Models and modeling
41 Neonatal microcephaly and humanized mouse models for Zika viral pathogenesis and immunity
Kimberly Schmitt
Tawfik Aboellail
Ramesh Akkina
Introduction
429(1)
Humanized mice
429(2)
Zika viral human immune responses in hu- BLT mice
431(1)
ZIKV viral infection and human immune responses in DRAG-hu mice
431(1)
ZIKV infection of human hematopoietic cells and implications for viral persistence
432(1)
A neonatal Rag2-/-γc-/- mouse model for ZIKV microcephaly
432(1)
Policies and procedures
433(1)
Generating humanized mice for the study of ZIKV
433(1)
Flow cytometry-based ZIKV neutralization assay (FNT)
434(1)
Rag2-/-γc-/- neonatal mouse model for microcephaly
434(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
434(1)
Key facts
435(1)
Summary points
435(1)
Acknowledgments
435(1)
References
435(4)
42 Use of liver cells to discover novel peptides for anti-Zika strategies
Ahmad Suhail Khazali
Rohana Yusof
Introduction
439(1)
Hepatotoxicity is a major hurdle in drug development
439(1)
Liver cells as the model cell system for ZIKV studies
440(1)
Liver complications in ZIKV-infected patients
441(1)
Anti-ZIKV drug development
442(1)
The targets and the drugs
442(1)
Utilizing liver cells in anti-ZIKV development strategies
445(1)
Concluding remarks
446(1)
Policy and procedures
446(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
446(1)
Key facts: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI)
446(1)
Summary points
447(1)
References
447(4)
43 In vivo mouse models to investigate the microcephaly associated with Zika virus
Raissa R. Christoff
Patricia P. Garcez
Introduction
451(1)
Animal models of ZIKV infection
452(1)
Vertical transmission of ZIKV
452(2)
Direct administration of ZIKV in utero
454(1)
Other animal models to study ZIKV infection
455(1)
Conclusions
456(1)
Policy and procedures: Producing mouse models of ZIKV infection
457(2)
Mini-dictionary of terms
459(1)
Key facts of brain development
459(1)
Summary points
459(1)
References
459(4)
44 Zika virus infection with primates: Fetal outcomes
Sunam Gurung
Rachel Jordan
James Papin
Dean Myers
Introduction
463(1)
Nonhuman primate animal models for ZIKV study
464(1)
In utero ZIKV exposure and neuropathology in primate fetus
464(1)
Olive baboon as a nonhuman primate model for ZIKV pathogenesis
465(1)
Cortical neuropathology in the fetal baboon
465(1)
Radial glial fibers, neuronal migration, and differentiation in the fetal brain
465(1)
Gyri/sulci formation in the fetal cortex
466(2)
Oligodendrocyte differentiation, maturation, and myelination
468(1)
Neuroinflammation in the fetal brain
468(1)
Placental inflammation, vascular deficiency, and neuropathology
468(1)
Conclusion
468(1)
Policy and procedures
469(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
469(1)
Key facts of microcephaly
470(1)
Summary points
470(1)
References
470(3)
Index
473
Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Dr. Hollins-Martin is a Professor of Maternal Health and has a background that has encompassed a career in womens reproductive health that spans 30 years; the first 11 of these were spent as a clinical midwife in Ayrshire (Scotland) and 19 teaching and researching womens reproductive health within universities. Caroline is an NMC Registered Midwife and Lecturer/Practice Educator. She is also a graduate and post graduate in psychology and a Member of the British Psychological Society (MBPsS). Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guys, Kings and St. Thomas Medical School, Kings College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.



Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendrams focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of Kings College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at Kings College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at Kings College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at Kings College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.
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