Contributors |
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xi | |
Volumes in Series |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
Symbols |
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xxi | |
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1 An Introduction to Neutron Scattering |
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1 | (136) |
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2 | (20) |
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1.1.1 Why Are Neutrons so Unique? |
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2 | (3) |
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1.1.2 Thermal Neutrons for Condensed Matter Research |
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5 | (6) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.1.4 The Structure of Materials |
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11 | (5) |
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1.1.5 Adding Motion: Dynamics and Spectroscopy |
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16 | (6) |
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1.2 Scattering Foundations |
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22 | (9) |
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1.2.1 The Master Formula and Fermi's Golden Rule |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (1) |
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1.2.3 The Double Differential Cross Section in the Time Domain |
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26 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Farewell to Nuclear Physics |
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27 | (1) |
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1.2.5 Coherent and Incoherent Scattering |
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28 | (2) |
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1.2.6 Scattering Functions |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (11) |
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1.3.1 Normal Modes of Vibration |
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31 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Scattering Under the Harmonic Approximation |
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32 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Purely Elastic Events |
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33 | (2) |
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1.3.4 Inelastic (One-Phonon) Scattering |
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35 | (4) |
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1.3.5 Multiphonon Scattering |
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39 | (2) |
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1.3.6 Beyond Harmonic Vibrations |
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41 | (1) |
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1.4 Beyond Canonical Solids |
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42 | (40) |
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1.4.1 Space---Time (Van Hove) Correlation Functions |
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42 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Pair Distribution Functions |
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43 | (4) |
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1.4.3 Properties of the Dynamic Structure Factor |
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47 | (11) |
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1.4.4 From Order to Disorder: Diffuse Scattering |
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58 | (3) |
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1.4.5 Stochastic Diffusion |
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61 | (14) |
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1.4.6 Beyond Atoms and Molecules: Large-Scale Structures |
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75 | (7) |
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1.5 Magnetic Structure and Polarized Neutrons |
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82 | (24) |
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82 | (6) |
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88 | (7) |
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1.5.3 Magnetic Bragg Scattering |
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95 | (2) |
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1.5.4 Diffuse Scattering from Magnetic Disorder |
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97 | (4) |
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1.5.5 Large-Scale Magnetic Structures |
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101 | (5) |
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106 | (14) |
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1.6.1 Generalized Susceptibility |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (3) |
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1.6.3 Crystal Fields and Magnetic Clusters |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (1) |
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1.6.5 Interband Transitions |
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115 | (2) |
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1.6.6 Critical Scattering |
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117 | (3) |
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1.7 Nuclear Spin: Order and Disorder |
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120 | (5) |
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1.7.1 A Closer Look at Nuclear Spins |
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121 | (1) |
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1.7.2 Scattering Cross Sections |
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121 | (2) |
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1.7.3 Uncorrelated and Correlated Spin Ensembles |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (12) |
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127 | (10) |
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137 | (108) |
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138 | (2) |
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2.2 Useful Neutron Production Reactions |
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140 | (13) |
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141 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Direct and Stripping Reactions |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (2) |
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2.2.4 Spallation Reactions |
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146 | (7) |
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2.3 Neutron Slowing Down and Moderators |
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153 | (13) |
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158 | (8) |
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2.4 Basic Building Blocks of Accelerators to Drive Neutron Sources |
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166 | (31) |
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167 | (11) |
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178 | (19) |
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2.5 Accelerator-Driven Sources: Some Predecessors |
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197 | (2) |
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2.6 State-of-the-Art Accelerator Drivers for Neutron Sources |
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199 | (13) |
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2.6.1 Last-Generation Megawatt-Range Sources |
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199 | (6) |
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2.6.2 Medium-Power (100 kW) Sources |
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205 | (4) |
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2.6.3 Compact, Accelerator-Driven Sources |
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209 | (3) |
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212 | (7) |
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213 | (4) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (8) |
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219 | (6) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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2.9 Nonneutron-Scattering Uses of Neutron Sources |
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227 | (18) |
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2.9.1 Isotope Production, In-Vessel Irradiation, y-Radiation, and Neutron Activation Analysis |
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228 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Nuclear Physics and Engineering: Astroparticle Physics, Nuclear Structure and Reactions, and Transmutation of Nuclear Waste |
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228 | (1) |
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2.9.3 Hadron Physics: Neutrino-Related Phenomena |
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229 | (1) |
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2.9.4 Fundamental Physics: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Effects of Gravity on Isolated Particles, Search for Dark Matter Using Ultracold Neutrons, Tests, and Validations of the Standard Model of Particle Physics |
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230 | (1) |
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2.9.5 Use of Muon Beams for Condensed Matter and Fusion Research |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Appendix A Some Basic Relationships |
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232 | (2) |
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Appendix B The Transport Equation for Neutrons |
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234 | (3) |
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237 | (8) |
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3 Experimental Techniques |
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245 | (76) |
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246 | (1) |
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3.2 Scattering Measurements |
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247 | (7) |
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247 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Integrated Intensity and the Lorentz Factor |
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249 | (5) |
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3.3 Useful Neutrons for Condensed Matter Science |
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254 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Neutron Flux from Moderators |
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254 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Pulse Peak Structure |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Choice of Parameters in Spallation Sources |
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257 | (2) |
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3.3.5 High-Energy Neutron Background |
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259 | (2) |
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3.4 Diffraction Techniques |
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261 | (14) |
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262 | (9) |
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3.4.2 Single-Crystal Diffractometers |
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271 | (4) |
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3.5 Inelastic Scattering Techniques |
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275 | (18) |
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3.5.1 Triple-Axis Spectrometer |
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275 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Chopper Instruments |
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277 | (11) |
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3.5.3 Inverted-Geometry Instrument |
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288 | (5) |
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3.6 Instruments for Semi-Macroscopic Structures |
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293 | (7) |
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3.6.1 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Instruments |
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293 | (3) |
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3.6.2 Neutron Spin-Echo Spectrometers |
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296 | (4) |
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300 | (5) |
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301 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Scintillation Detectors |
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301 | (4) |
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3.8 Beam Transport and Tailoring |
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305 | (16) |
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305 | (8) |
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313 | (5) |
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318 | (3) |
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4 Structure of Complex Materials |
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321 | (32) |
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321 | (3) |
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4.2 Useful Properties of Neutrons |
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324 | (2) |
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4.2.1 Neutron Scattering Length |
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324 | (1) |
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4.2.2 A Particle with a Mass |
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324 | (2) |
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4.3 What can be Learnt from Neutron Diffraction Experiments? |
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326 | (13) |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (3) |
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4.3.3 Transition Metal Hydrides |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (4) |
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339 | (9) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Samples and Sample Environment |
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342 | (5) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (5) |
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349 | (4) |
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353 | (62) |
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353 | (3) |
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356 | (9) |
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5.2.1 Fundamentals of Neutron Reflectivity |
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356 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Fundamentals of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering |
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358 | (3) |
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5.2.3 Experimental Details for Neutron Reflection |
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361 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Experimental Details for SANS |
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363 | (2) |
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5.3 Thin Films, Interfaces, and Solutions |
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365 | (44) |
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5.3.1 Adsorption at the Air---Solution Interface |
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365 | (9) |
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5.3.2 Adsorption at the Liquid---Solid Interface |
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374 | (4) |
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5.3.3 Structure of Biological Membranes |
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378 | (4) |
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382 | (3) |
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5.3.5 Lamellar Phases and Vesicles |
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385 | (7) |
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5.3.6 Colloidal Particles |
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392 | (2) |
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5.3.7 Polymers in Solution, Melt, and Thin Films |
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394 | (10) |
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5.3.8 Proteins and Biomacromolecules in Solution and at Interfaces |
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404 | (5) |
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5.4 Summary and Future Prospects |
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409 | (6) |
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409 | (6) |
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6 Dynamics of Atoms and Molecules |
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415 | (56) |
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416 | (2) |
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6.2 Brief Review of Theoretical Concepts |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (3) |
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6.3.1 Mapping Potential Energy Surfaces |
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419 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulation |
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420 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Empirical and Ab Initio Energy Calculation |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (5) |
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6.4.1 Three-Axis Spectrometers |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Neutron Compton Scattering Spectrometers |
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423 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Molecular Spectrometers |
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424 | (1) |
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6.4.5 Backscattering Spectrometers |
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425 | (1) |
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6.4.6 Neutron Spin-echo Instruments |
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426 | (1) |
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6.4.7 The Measured Neutron-Scattering Signal |
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427 | (1) |
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6.5 Oscillatory Motion, Incoherent Scattering |
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427 | (7) |
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6.5.1 Molecular Vibrations of Benzene |
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429 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Hydrogen-Bonded Systems |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (1) |
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6.6 Oscillatory Motion, Coherent Scattering |
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434 | (12) |
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6.6.1 Classic Phonons and Soft Modes in SrTiO3 |
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435 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Negative Thermal Expansion |
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435 | (3) |
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6.6.3 Nanostructured Materials |
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438 | (1) |
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6.6.4 Oxygen-Ion Conductors---Brownmillerites |
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439 | (2) |
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6.6.5 Thermoelectrics---Skutterudites |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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6.6.7 Strontium Gallium Oxides |
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443 | (2) |
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6.6.8 Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (7) |
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6.7.1 Rotational Tunneling |
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446 | (7) |
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6.7.2 Translational Tunneling |
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453 | (1) |
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6.8 Stochastic Relaxation/Dynamics |
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453 | (11) |
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455 | (1) |
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6.8.2 Ligand Water Rotation |
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456 | (1) |
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6.8.3 Coherent QENS, Rotation |
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456 | (1) |
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6.8.4 Dynamical Transitions from Elastic Scans |
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457 | (2) |
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6.8.5 Diffusion of Coherent Scatterer CO2 |
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459 | (1) |
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6.8.6 Water and Complex Diffusion |
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460 | (3) |
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463 | (1) |
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6.9 Conclusion and Perspectives |
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464 | (7) |
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466 | (5) |
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Appendix: Neutron Scattering Lengths and Cross Sections |
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471 | (58) |
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Luis A. Rodriguez Palomino |
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471 | (1) |
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A.2 Theoretical Background |
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472 | (10) |
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472 | (4) |
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A.2.2 Spin-Dependent Scattering Lengths |
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476 | (1) |
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A.2.3 Neutron---Atom Interactions |
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477 | (5) |
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A.3 Methods of Measurement of Scattering Lengths |
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482 | (13) |
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482 | (2) |
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484 | (2) |
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A.3.3 Dynamical Diffraction |
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486 | (2) |
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488 | (1) |
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A.3.5 Christiansen Filter |
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489 | (1) |
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A.3.6 Neutron Gravity Refractometer |
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490 | (1) |
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A.3.7 Neutron Interferometry |
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491 | (1) |
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A.3.8 Small-Angle Scattering |
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492 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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A.3.10 Pseudomagnetic Method |
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493 | (1) |
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A.3.11 High-Energy Experiments |
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494 | (1) |
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A.4 Tables of Neutron Scattering Lengths and Cross Sections |
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495 | (34) |
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527 | (2) |
Index |
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529 | |