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1 Historical Notes and Fundamental Concepts |
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1 | (10) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 The Discovery of Particles |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 The Concept of the Atom and Indivisibility |
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5 | (4) |
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1.4 The Standard Model of Microcosm -- Fundamental Fermions and Boson |
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9 | (2) |
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2 Particle Interactions with Matter and Detectors |
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11 | (34) |
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11 | (1) |
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2.2 Passage of Charged Particles Through Matter |
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12 | (10) |
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2.2.1 Energy Loss Through Ionization and Excitation |
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12 | (1) |
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2.2.2 "Classical" Calculation of Energy Loss Through Ionization |
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13 | (7) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (3) |
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2.3.1 Photoelectric Effect |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.4 Electromagnetic Showers |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.6 Qualitative Meaning of a Total Cross-Section Measurement |
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29 | (1) |
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2.7 Techniques of Particle Detection |
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30 | (2) |
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2.7.1 General Characteristics |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (3) |
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2.9 Scintillation Counters |
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35 | (3) |
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2.10 Semiconductor Detectors |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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2.13 Electromagnetic and Hadronic Calorimeters |
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42 | (3) |
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3 Particle Accelerators and Particle Detection |
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45 | (28) |
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3.1 Why Do We Need Accelerators? |
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45 | (4) |
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3.1.1 The Center-of-Mass (c.m.) System |
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47 | (1) |
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3.1.2 The Laboratory System |
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47 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Fixed Target Accelerator and Collider |
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48 | (1) |
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3.2 Linear and Circular Accelerators |
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49 | (3) |
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3.2.1 Linear Accelerators |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Circular Accelerators |
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50 | (2) |
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3.3 Colliders and Luminosity |
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52 | (2) |
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3.3.1 Example: the CERN Accelerator Complex |
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53 | (1) |
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3.4 Conversion of Energy into Mass |
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54 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Use of Fixed Target Accelerators |
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55 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Baryonic Number Conservation |
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57 | (1) |
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3.5 Particle Production in a Secondary Beam |
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57 | (4) |
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3.5.1 Time-of-Flight Spectrometer |
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57 | (4) |
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3.6 Bubble Chambers in Charged Particle Beams |
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61 | (12) |
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61 | (3) |
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3.6.2 The Electron "Spiral" |
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64 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Electron-Positron Pair |
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65 | (1) |
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3.6.4 An Electron-Positron "Tree" |
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66 | (1) |
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3.6.5 Charged Particle Decays |
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67 | (6) |
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4 The Paradigm of Interactions: The Electromagnetic Case |
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73 | (28) |
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4.1 The Interaction Between Electric Charges |
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74 | (4) |
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4.1.1 The EM Coupling Constant |
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76 | (2) |
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4.1.2 The Quantum Theory of Electromagnetism |
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78 | (1) |
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4.2 Some Quantum Mechanics Concepts |
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78 | (4) |
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4.2.1 The Schrodinger Equation |
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79 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Klein--Gordon Equation |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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4.3 Transition Probabilities in Perturbation Theory |
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82 | (3) |
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4.4 The Bosonic Propagator |
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85 | (1) |
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4.5 Cross-Sections and Lifetime: Theory and Experiment |
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86 | (4) |
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86 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Particle Decay and Lifetime |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (3) |
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4.7 A Few Examples of Electromagnetic Processes |
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93 | (8) |
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4.7.1 Rutherford Scattering |
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93 | (4) |
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4.7.2 The e+e- → μ+μ- Process |
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97 | (1) |
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4.7.3 Elastic Scattering e+e- → e+e- (Bhabha Scattering) |
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98 | (1) |
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4.7.4 e+e- → γ γ Annihilation |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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5 First Discussion of the Other Fundamental Interactions |
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101 | (12) |
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101 | (1) |
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5.2 The Gravitational Interaction |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (3) |
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5.4 The Strong Interaction |
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106 | (3) |
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5.5 Particle Classification |
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109 | (4) |
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5.5.1 Classification According to Stability |
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110 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Classification According to the Spin |
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110 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Classification According to the Baryon and Lepton Numbers |
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111 | (2) |
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6 Invariance and Conservation Principles |
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113 | (22) |
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113 | (1) |
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6.2 Invariance Principle Reminder |
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114 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Invariance in Classical Mechanics |
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114 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Invariance in Quantum Mechanics |
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115 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Continuous Transformations: Translations and Rotations |
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117 | (1) |
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6.3 Spin-Statistics Connection |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (3) |
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6.5 Spin-Parity of the π Meson |
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122 | (4) |
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6.5.1 Spin of the π Meson |
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122 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Parity of the π Meson |
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123 | (2) |
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6.5.3 Particle--Antiparticle Parity |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (3) |
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6.6.1 Charge Conjugation in Electromagnetic Processes |
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127 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Violation of C in the Weak Interaction |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (2) |
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6.9 Electric Charge and Gauge Invariance |
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133 | (2) |
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7 Hadron Interactions at Low Energies and the Static Quark Model |
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135 | (44) |
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135 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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7.2 Proton-Neutron Symmetry and the Isotopic Spin |
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137 | (2) |
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7.3 The Strong Interaction Cross-Section |
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139 | (3) |
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140 | (2) |
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7.4 Low Energy Hadron-Hadron Collisions |
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142 | (6) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (4) |
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7.5 Breit--Wigner Equation for Resonances |
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148 | (6) |
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7.5.1 The Δ++ (1232) Resonance |
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150 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Resonance Formation and Production |
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151 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Angular Distribution of Resonance Decay Products |
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152 | (2) |
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7.6 Production and Decay of Strange Particles |
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154 | (2) |
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7.7 Classification of Hadrons Made of u, d, s Quarks |
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156 | (2) |
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7.8 The Jp = 3/2+ Baryonic Decuplet |
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158 | (4) |
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7.8.1 First Indications for the Color Quantum Number |
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160 | (2) |
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7.9 The Jp = 1/2+ Baryonic Octet |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (2) |
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7.12 Strangeness and Isospin Conservation |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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7.14 Experimental Tests on the Static Quark Model |
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170 | (7) |
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7.14.1 Leptonic Decays of Neutral Vector Mesons |
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170 | (1) |
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7.14.2 Lepton Pair Production |
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171 | (1) |
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7.14.3 Hadron-Hadron Cross-Sections at High Energies |
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172 | (1) |
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7.14.4 Baryon Magnetic Moments |
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173 | (2) |
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7.14.5 Relations Between Masses |
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175 | (2) |
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7.15 Searches for Free Quarks and Limits of the Model |
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177 | (2) |
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8 Weak Interactions and Neutrinos |
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179 | (50) |
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179 | (1) |
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8.2 The Neutrino Hypothesis and the β Decay |
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180 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Nuclear β Decay and the Missing Energy |
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180 | (1) |
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8.2.2 The Pauli Desperate Remedy |
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181 | (2) |
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8.2.3 How World War II Accelerated the Neutrino Discovery |
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183 | (1) |
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8.3 Fermi Theory of Beta Decay |
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184 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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8.3.2 The Fermi Coupling Constant from Neutron β Decay |
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186 | (1) |
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8.3.3 The Coupling Constant αw from Fermi Theory |
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187 | (1) |
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8.4 Universality of Weak Interactions (I) |
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187 | (3) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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8.5 The Discovery of the Neutrino |
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190 | (4) |
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8.5.1 The Poltergeist Project |
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190 | (4) |
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8.6 Different Transition Types in β Decay |
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194 | (4) |
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8.6.1 The Cross-Section of the β-Inverse Process |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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8.8 Parity Violation in β Decays |
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201 | (3) |
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8.9 The Two-Component Neutrino Theory |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (3) |
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8.11 Strange Particle Decays |
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208 | (3) |
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8.12 Universality of Weak Interactions (II). The Cabibbo Angle |
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211 | (2) |
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8.13 Weak Interaction Neutral Current |
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213 | (2) |
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8.14 Weak Interactions and Quark Eigenstates |
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215 | (5) |
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8.14.1 The WI Hamiltonian and the GIM Mechanism |
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215 | (2) |
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8.14.2 Hints on the Fourth Quark from WI Neutral Currents |
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217 | (1) |
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8.14.3 The Six Quarks and the Cabibbo--Kobayashi--Maskawa Matrix |
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218 | (2) |
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8.15 Discovery of the W± and Z0 Vector Bosons |
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220 | (2) |
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8.16 The V-A Theory of CC Weak Interaction |
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222 | (7) |
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8.16.1 Bilinear Forms of Dirac Fermions |
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222 | (3) |
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8.16.2 Current--Current Weak Interaction |
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225 | (4) |
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9 Discoveries in Electron-Positron Collisions |
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229 | (36) |
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229 | (2) |
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9.2 Electron-Positron Cross-Section and the Determination of the Number of Colors |
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231 | (3) |
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9.2.1 The Process e+e- → γ → μ+μ- |
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232 | (1) |
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9.2.2 The Color Quantum Number |
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232 | (2) |
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9.3 The Discovery of Charm and Beauty Quarks |
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234 | (3) |
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9.3.1 Mesons with c, c Quarks |
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234 | (1) |
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9.3.2 The J / ψ Resonance Properties |
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235 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Mesons with b, b Quarks |
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236 | (1) |
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9.4 Spectroscopy of Heavy Mesons and αs Estimate |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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9.6 LEP Experiments and Examples of Events at LEP |
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239 | (9) |
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239 | (4) |
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9.6.2 Events in 4π Detectors at LEP |
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243 | (5) |
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9.7 e+e- Collisions at Ecm ~ 91 GeV. The Z0 Boson |
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248 | (9) |
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248 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Z0 Total and Partial Widths |
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249 | (2) |
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9.7.3 Measurable Quantities, Γinvis and the Number of Light Neutrino Families |
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251 | (2) |
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9.7.4 Forward--Backward Asymmetries AFB |
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253 | (3) |
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9.7.5 Multihadronic Production Model |
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256 | (1) |
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9.8 e+e- Collisions for √s > 100 GeV at LEP2 |
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257 | (8) |
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9.8.1 e+e- → W+, W-, Z0Z0 Cross-Sections |
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258 | (3) |
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9.8.2 The W Boson Mass and Width |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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9.8.4 The Higgs Boson Search at LEP |
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262 | (3) |
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10 High Energy Interactions and the Dynamic Quark Model |
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265 | (48) |
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265 | (1) |
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10.2 Lepton--Nucleon Interactions at High Energies |
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265 | (4) |
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10.3 Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering |
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269 | (6) |
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10.3.1 Kinematic Variables |
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269 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Proton Form Factors |
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270 | (5) |
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10.4 Inelastic ep Cross-Section |
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275 | (7) |
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10.4.1 Partons in the Nucleons: Their Nature and Spin |
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278 | (2) |
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10.4.2 Electric Charge of the Partons |
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280 | (2) |
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10.5 Cross-Section for CC νμN Interactions |
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282 | (8) |
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10.5.1 Comparison with Experimental Data |
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287 | (1) |
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10.5.2 The Neutrino-Nucleon Cross-Section |
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288 | (2) |
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10.6 "Naive" and "Advanced" Quark Models |
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290 | (6) |
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10.6.1 Q2-Dependence of the Structure Functions |
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290 | (4) |
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10.6.2 Summary of DIS Results |
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294 | (2) |
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10.7 High Energy Hadron-Hadron Collisions |
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296 | (2) |
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10.8 Total and Elastic Cross-Sections at High Energy |
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298 | (4) |
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10.8.1 Elastic Differential Cross-Sections |
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298 | (3) |
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10.8.2 Total Cross-Sections |
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301 | (1) |
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10.9 High Energy Inelastic Hadron Collisions at Low-pt |
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302 | (3) |
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10.9.1 Outline on High Energy Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions |
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303 | (2) |
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10.10 The LHC and the Search for the Higgs Boson |
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305 | (8) |
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10.10.1 Higgs Boson Production in pp Collisions |
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306 | (2) |
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10.10.2 Higgs Boson Decays |
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308 | (1) |
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10.10.3 Search Strategies at LHC |
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309 | (4) |
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11 The Standard Model of the Microcosm |
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313 | (34) |
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313 | (1) |
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11.2 Weak Interaction Divergences and Unitarity Problem |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (6) |
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11.3.1 Choice of the Symmetry Group |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (4) |
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11.4 Gauge Invariance in the Electroweak Interaction |
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322 | (3) |
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11.4.1 Lagrangian Density of the Electroweak Theory |
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323 | (2) |
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11.5 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking. The Higgs Mechanism |
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325 | (5) |
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11.6 The Weak Neutral Current |
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330 | (3) |
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333 | (1) |
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11.8 Parameters of the Electroweak Interaction |
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334 | (4) |
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11.8.1 Electric Charge Screening in QED |
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336 | (1) |
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11.8.2 Higher Order Feynman Diagrams, Mathematical Infinities and Renormalization in QED |
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337 | (1) |
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11.9 The Strong Interaction |
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338 | (5) |
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11.9.1 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) |
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338 | (3) |
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11.9.2 Color Charge Screening in QCD |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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11.9.4 The Strong Coupling Constant αs |
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343 | (1) |
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11.10 The Standard Model: A Summary |
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343 | (4) |
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12 CP-Violation and Particle Oscillations |
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347 | (38) |
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12.1 The Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem |
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347 | (1) |
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12.2 The K0 --- KO System |
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348 | (5) |
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12.2.1 Time Development of a K0 Beam. K01 Regeneration. Strangeness Oscillations |
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350 | (3) |
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12.3 CP-Violation in the K0 -- K0 System |
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353 | (5) |
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12.3.1 The Formalism and the Parameters of CP-Violation |
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354 | (4) |
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12.4 What is the Reason for CP-Violation? |
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358 | (2) |
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12.5 CP-Violation in the B0 -- B0 System |
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360 | (4) |
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12.5.1 Future Experiments |
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364 | (1) |
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12.6 Neutrino Oscillations |
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364 | (7) |
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12.6.1 The Special Case of Oscillations Between Two Flavors |
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365 | (2) |
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12.6.2 Three Flavor Oscillations |
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367 | (1) |
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12.6.3 The Approximation for a Neutrino with Dominant Mass |
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368 | (2) |
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12.6.4 Neutrino Oscillations in Matter |
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370 | (1) |
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12.7 Neutrinos from the Sun and Oscillation Studies |
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371 | (5) |
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12.8 Atmospheric νμ Oscillations and Experiments |
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376 | (5) |
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12.8.1 Long Baseline Experiments |
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379 | (2) |
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12.9 Effects of Neutrino Oscillations |
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381 | (4) |
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13 Microcosm and Macrocosm |
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385 | (30) |
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13.1 The Grand Unification |
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386 | (6) |
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389 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Magnetic Monopoles |
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390 | (1) |
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13.1.3 Cosmology. First Moment of the Universe |
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391 | (1) |
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13.2 Supersymmetry (SUSY) |
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392 | (5) |
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13.2.1 Minimal Standard Supersymmetric Model (MSSM) |
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393 | (4) |
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13.2.2 Supergravity (SUGRA). Superstrings |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (3) |
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13.4 Particles, Astrophysics and Cosmology |
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400 | (3) |
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403 | (4) |
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13.6 The Big Bang and the Primordial Universe |
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407 | (8) |
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14 Fundamental Aspects of Nucleon Interactions |
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415 | (44) |
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415 | (2) |
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14.2 General Properties of Nuclei |
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417 | (7) |
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14.2.1 The Chart of Nuclides |
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419 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Nuclear Binding Energy |
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420 | (1) |
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14.2.3 Size of the Nuclei |
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421 | (3) |
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14.2.4 Electromagnetic Properties of the Nuclei |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (7) |
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425 | (1) |
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14.3.2 Nuclear Drop Model |
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426 | (3) |
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429 | (2) |
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14.4 Properties of Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction |
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431 | (2) |
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14.5 Radioactive Decay and Dating |
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433 | (3) |
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434 | (2) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (4) |
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14.7.1 Elementary Theory of α Decay |
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439 | (1) |
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14.7.2 Lifetime Calculation of the 238 92U Nucleus |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (3) |
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14.8.1 Elementary Theory of Nuclear β-Decay |
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443 | (1) |
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14.9 Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Fission |
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444 | (4) |
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445 | (2) |
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14.9.2 Fission Nuclear Reactors |
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447 | (1) |
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14.10 Nuclear Fusion in Astrophysical Environments |
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448 | (7) |
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449 | (2) |
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14.10.2 Formation of Elements Heavier than Fe in Massive Stars |
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451 | (3) |
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14.10.3 Earth and Solar System Dating |
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454 | (1) |
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14.11 Nuclear Fusion in Laboratory |
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455 | (4) |
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459 | (22) |
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A.1 Periodic Table [ P08] |
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460 | (2) |
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A.2 The Natural Units in Subnuclear Physics |
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462 | (1) |
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A.3 Basic Concepts of Relativity and Classical Electromagnetism |
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463 | (5) |
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A.3.1 The Formalism of Special Relativity |
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463 | (2) |
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A.3.2 The Formalism of Classical Electromagnetism |
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
A.3.3 Gauge Invariance of the Electromagnetism |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
A.4 Dirac Equation and Formalism |
|
|
468 | (11) |
|
A.4.1 Derivation of the Dirac Equation |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
A.4.2 General Properties of the Dirac Equation |
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
A.4.3 Properties of the Dirac Equation Solutions |
|
|
473 | (3) |
|
A.4.4 Helicity Operator and States |
|
|
476 | (3) |
|
A.5 Physical and Astrophysical Constants [ P08] |
|
|
479 | (2) |
References |
|
481 | (6) |
Index |
|
487 | |