| Contributors |
|
xv | |
| Preface |
|
xxi | |
|
Section 1 Genetically modified crops: policies and politics |
|
|
|
1 Genetically Modified Crops and Agricultural Innovation: An Analysis of Law and Policy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
2 Evolution and development of GM crops |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
3 Changes brought about by GM crops in agricultural framework |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
4 CM crops and scientific uncertainty |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
5 Risk perceptions about GM crops and realty check |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
6 GM crops and agricultural innovation |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
7 Policy paradigm of agricultural innovation |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
8 Regulatory issues relating to GM crops |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
9 IP landscape of GM crops |
|
|
11 | (9) |
|
9.1 UPOV and plant varieties |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
9.2 Patents in agricultural biotechnology: discovery versus invention prong |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
9.3 Patent protection to plant genetic material |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
9.4 Overlapping of patents and plant variety legislations |
|
|
17 | (3) |
|
10 GM crops and open innovation |
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
|
|
23 | (6) |
|
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
2 GMO Policies and Practices: A Global Overview with Special Focus on Turkey |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 Genetically modified crops: origin, growth, and adoption around the world |
|
|
29 | (5) |
|
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
3 GM policy discussions, labeling debates, and consumers perceptions |
|
|
36 | (5) |
|
3.1 Consumers' perceptions of GMO benefits and risks |
|
|
38 | (3) |
|
4 Genetically modified crops in Turkey: historical development, regulatory, and policy environment |
|
|
41 | (10) |
|
4.1 Early debate on biotechnology in Turkey |
|
|
41 | (3) |
|
4.2 Legislative history and practices in Turkey |
|
|
44 | (4) |
|
|
|
48 | (3) |
|
4.4 Current status of biotechnology in Turkey |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
|
51 | (6) |
|
|
|
52 | (5) |
|
3 Status and Policies of GM Crops in Russia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
57 | (3) |
|
2 Public and scholarly opinion |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
3 Major case studies for genetically modified plants |
|
|
61 | (3) |
|
4 Policies framework of genetically modified organisms in Russia |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
5 Regulation of genetically modified food crops/food products |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
6 Regulations of research, production marketing, and biosafety issues |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
7 Hierarchy of GM products management policy |
|
|
67 | (3) |
|
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
|
71 | (4) |
|
|
|
71 | (4) |
|
4 Genetically Modified Crops in India: Politics, Policies, and Political Economy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
2 Historical background of GM crops in India |
|
|
76 | (6) |
|
3 The narrative of biotechnology in India: social and political construction |
|
|
82 | (3) |
|
4 Agribiotech and intellectual property rights: consequences for marginal farmers |
|
|
85 | (4) |
|
5 Biosafety regulations in India: policies and political economy |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
6 Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill 2013 (BRAI) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
|
92 | (5) |
|
|
|
92 | (5) |
|
5 Genetically Modified Crops and Intellectual Property Rights: Indian Scenario |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
2 Patent rights and their scope |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
3 Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
4 GM crops, IP, and rural development |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
5 Legal analysis of the Indian plant patent regime |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
6 Plants and intellectual property protection |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
7 Patent protection to GM crops: position in India |
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
8 Patentability of gene in India |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
9 Infringement under PPV&FR Act |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
10 Patents related to GM crops |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
|
106 | (5) |
|
|
|
107 | (4) |
|
Section 2 Genetically modified crops and global food security |
|
|
|
6 Contribution of Genetically Modified Crops in Agricultural Production: Success Stories |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
|
112 | (4) |
|
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
|
|
118 | (3) |
|
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
|
122 | (5) |
|
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
|
|
132 | (11) |
|
|
|
133 | (10) |
|
7 Genetically Modified Crops Changing the Food Insecurity Landscape of the Undernourished Regions of the World |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 World food insecurity: current scenario and strategies |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
2 Food insecurity landscape in the Asia and Africa |
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
3 Green revolution: feeding the hungry and undernourished |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
4 Genetically engineered crops: a post green revolution |
|
|
148 | (4) |
|
5 Evaluating gene flow and its impact |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
7 The clean gene technology: development of cleaner GE crops |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
8 Steps toward sustainable agriculture |
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
9 GM crops and the sustainable world |
|
|
157 | (4) |
|
|
|
158 | (3) |
|
8 Impact of GM Crops on Agriculture Production: A Positive Reflection through Success Stories |
|
|
|
|
|
1 Introduction of GM crops in agriculture |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
2 CM crops commercialization in different countries |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
3 GMCs resistant to pests |
|
|
164 | (3) |
|
4 Herbicide resistant GM crops |
|
|
167 | (3) |
|
5 Crops engineered for nutritional amendments |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
6 GMCs with enhanced biofuel production |
|
|
173 | (4) |
|
7 Status of GM crops in India |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
|
178 | (11) |
|
|
|
180 | (9) |
|
9 GM Crops as a Food Security Solution |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
2 Bottleneck of conventional methods and modern breeding technique |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
3 Distribution of GM crops by countries |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
4 Global acceptance of soybean, maize, cotton, and canola developed through GE technique |
|
|
192 | (3) |
|
5 GM crops and food safety |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
6 India-global production status of GM crops |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
7 Prominence of accepted crops obtained through GM technology used for food, feed, and cultivation |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
8 Economic benefits of GM crops |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
9 Contribution of Bt food crops for security and sustainability |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
10 Summary and conclusion |
|
|
197 | (6) |
|
|
|
198 | (5) |
|
Section 3 Genetically modified crops and sustainability in agriculture |
|
|
|
10 Genetically Modified Crops and Climate Change Adaptation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
2 Climate change: An immeasurable dynamism |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
3 An interface of crops and climate change: A loop of feedbacks |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
4 Genetically modified (GM) crop: An integration of green revolution or another level |
|
|
207 | (22) |
|
5 Challenges behind developing GM crops against climate change: A multifaceted problem |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
|
230 | (7) |
|
|
|
230 | (7) |
|
11 Sustainable Cultivation of GM Crops in the Age of Climate Change: A Global Perspective |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
2 Need of GMCs over conventional agricultural crops |
|
|
240 | (5) |
|
2.1 Challenges associated with large-scale agricultural production |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
2.2 Solutions offered by GMCs |
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
3 Controversies and problems associated with GMCs |
|
|
245 | (3) |
|
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
4 GMCs and climate change |
|
|
248 | (6) |
|
4.1 Dissecting linkage between climate change and GMCs |
|
|
248 | (3) |
|
4.2 Polarized global opinions |
|
|
251 | (3) |
|
5 Is genomics a solution for making climate-ready crops? |
|
|
254 | (6) |
|
5.1 Recognizing haplotypes/elite alleles |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
5.2 Genetic analysis of environmental change adaptability traits |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
5.3 Next-generation crop breeding approach |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
|
260 | (13) |
|
|
|
262 | (11) |
|
12 Aspects of Genetically Modified Plants in Removing Heavy Metals From the Soil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
273 | (2) |
|
2 Approaches for the restoration of contaminated soil |
|
|
275 | (2) |
|
3 GM plants used for the removal of HMs from soil |
|
|
277 | (4) |
|
4 Concerns in the use of GM organisms for remediation |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
5 Conclusion and future perspectives |
|
|
282 | (11) |
|
|
|
282 | (11) |
|
Section 4 Genetically modified food: socio-ethical issues and regulatory challenges |
|
|
|
13 Public Acceptance of GM Foods: A Global Perspective (1999--2019) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
293 | (4) |
|
2 Global overview on the acceptance level of GM foods |
|
|
297 | (11) |
|
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
|
298 | (4) |
|
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
|
|
305 | (3) |
|
|
|
308 | (9) |
|
|
|
309 | (8) |
|
14 Evolution of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops and the Scared World |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
2 A brief history of GM crops |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
3 Why do we need GM crops? |
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
3.1 Population burst and increased food demand |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
3.3 Conventional breeding limitations under changing climate |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
4 Public perception regarding GM crops: Myths versus evidences |
|
|
322 | (3) |
|
5 Global impact of CM crops |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
5.1 Net production and income |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
5.2 Pesticide and herbicide use |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
5.3 Impact on environment |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
6 Current status of GM crops |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
|
329 | (6) |
|
|
|
330 | (5) |
|
15 Assessment of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
335 | (6) |
|
2 Impact of GM crops on the environment |
|
|
341 | (5) |
|
2.1 Assessing the impact of GM crops through gene flow |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
2.2 Assessing other environmental impacts of GM crops |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
3 Impact of GM crops on human health |
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
3.1 Impact of antibiotic resistance genes |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
3.2 Allergenicity from GM products |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
4 Policy issues in adoption of GM crops |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (6) |
|
|
|
350 | (5) |
|
16 Food Safety Issues and Challenges of GM Crops |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
2 What are GM crops and their advantages? |
|
|
356 | (4) |
|
3 Why GM crops have become so controversial? |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
4 GM crops and the environment |
|
|
360 | (3) |
|
5 GM crops and biodiversity |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
6 GM crops and their impact on health |
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
|
|
366 | (5) |
|
|
|
367 | (4) |
|
17 Health Risks and Environmental Concerns of GM Crop Adoption |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
371 | (4) |
|
2 Environmental implications of GM crops |
|
|
375 | (8) |
|
2.1 Direct impact of GM crops on environment |
|
|
376 | (4) |
|
2.2 Indirect impact of GM crops on environment |
|
|
380 | (3) |
|
3 Health implications of GM crops |
|
|
383 | (7) |
|
3.1 Negative impacts of GM crops on health |
|
|
383 | (6) |
|
3.2 Positive impacts of GM crops on health |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
4 Global political, socioeconomic, and ethical concern in GM plant adaptation |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
|
|
392 | (9) |
|
|
|
394 | (7) |
|
18 Regulatory Framework for GMOs-lnterplay Between Regulatory Policies and Socio-Ethical Concern |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
|
|
403 | (5) |
|
2.1 Consumer's perspective |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
3.2 Genetic contamination |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
3.3 Role of multinational companies |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
4 Biosafety evaluation and regulatory mechanism |
|
|
409 | (6) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
4.3 Regulatory bodies, their rules, regulations, and mandates |
|
|
411 | (3) |
|
4.4 Labeling of genetically modified products |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (6) |
|
|
|
416 | (5) |
|
19 Socio-Ethical Aspect of Genetically Modified Organisms: A Critical Analysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
2 Biotechnology---scientific and ethical issues |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
3 GM crops---beyond guidelines |
|
|
425 | (18) |
|
3.1 Public health concerns |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
3.2 Biotechnology and food security |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
3.3 GM crops and the environment |
|
|
427 | (3) |
|
3.4 Vicious circle of herbicides |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
3.5 Silent spring-revisited |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
3.6 Biodiversity and transgenics |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
3.7 Economy of transgenic crops |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
3.8 Socio-economic impacts of GM crop |
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
3.9 Intellectual property rights and privatization |
|
|
437 | (3) |
|
3.10 Technology of genetic use restriction |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
3.11 Gene editing (CRISPR/Cas) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
3.12 GM crops-inevitability of a new approach |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (10) |
|
|
|
445 | (8) |
|
Section 5 Technical advancements in plant genetic engineering and crop improvement |
|
|
|
20 Research Trends in Genetically Modified (GM) Plants Krishna Kumar Rai, Mohd Aamir, Andleeb Zehra and Avinash Chandra Rai |
|
|
|
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
2 Breakthrough and progress made in plant transformation and genome editing |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
3 Empowering plant genome engineering through synthetic biology |
|
|
457 | (3) |
|
4 Tools for synthetic biology in plants |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
4.1 Synthetic sensor and receptor proteins |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
4.2 Synthetic metabolic and signaling pathways |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
4.3 Synthetic genes/genomes |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
5 Genome editing with site-specific nucleases |
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
5.2 Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
5.3 Transcription-activator like effector nucleases (TALENs) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
6 CRISPR/CAS system as a three-dimensional tool for targeting gene at omics level |
|
|
465 | (5) |
|
6.1 Plant genome editing by CRISPR/CAS system |
|
|
466 | (4) |
|
|
|
470 | (11) |
|
|
|
471 | (10) |
|
21 Nano-Biotechnological Approach of Plant Genetic Engineering |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
2 Traditional practices of plant genetic engineering and its limitation |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
3 Genetic engineering progression toward nanotechnology |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
4 Applicability of nanomaterials as nano-carriers: role in plant genetic engineering |
|
|
483 | (3) |
|
4.1 Layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay nanosheets |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
4.2 Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) |
|
|
483 | (3) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
4.4 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
5 Nanoparticle mediated delivery of important biomolecules in plant system |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
6 Process and methods of biomolecules delivery in plants using nanotechnology |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
7 Role of nanoparticle mediated biomolecules delivery in plant genome editing |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
8 Role of nanotechnology-assisted gene delivery toward sustainable agriculture |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
9 Relevance of nanotechnology on plant genetic engineering |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
11 Challenges in nano-biotechnological approach of plant genetic engineering and future perspectives |
|
|
492 | (3) |
|
|
|
492 | (3) |
|
22 Advances in Genetically Modified Plants by Employing Modern Biotechnological Tools: An Update |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
2 Advancements in genome editing tools |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (7) |
|
3.1 Zinc finger nucleases |
|
|
498 | (4) |
|
3.2 Transcription activator-like effector nucleases |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
4 Conclusion and future perspectives |
|
|
505 | (10) |
|
|
|
506 | (9) |
|
23 Transformation Techniques and Their Role in Crop Improvements: A Global Scenario of GM Crops |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
2 Transformation methods for plant |
|
|
516 | (7) |
|
2.1 Agrobacterium-mediated transformation |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
2.2 Step involved in Agrobacterium transformation and its components |
|
|
518 | (4) |
|
2.3 Other plant transformation methods |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
3 The application of GM plants to study the expression and function of a specific gene |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
4 Productions of a genetically modified organism with important traits and application in agriculture |
|
|
524 | (12) |
|
4.1 Improved nutritional quality or enhanced nutrition value |
|
|
524 | (4) |
|
4.2 Virus and insect resistance |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
4.3 Resistance to bacteria and fungal diseases |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
4.4 Biotechnology approach as molecular farming in plants |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
4.5 Genetically modified ornamentals and products |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
4.6 Does GM nutrient enhancement solve problems of malnutrition? |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
4.7 GM crops and food benefits and controversies |
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
4.8 Current status of biotech crops |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (7) |
|
|
|
537 | (6) |
| Index |
|
543 | |