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E-raamat: Principles of Hazardous Materials Management

(Griffin Environmental International, Irvine, California, USA)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Apr-2009
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420089714
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Apr-2009
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420089714
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Since the publication of the first edition of this volume in 1988, we have made great strides in reducing the amount of toxic waste that threatens our water, soil, and air. A greater acceptance of clean fuels and clean technologies, along with increased public awareness of environmental health hazards has given us greater optimism about the future of our planet. While few environmental threats can ever be completely eradicated, Principles of Hazardous Materials Management, Second Edition provides a framework for understanding the nature of hazardous materials and how the risks from such materials may be reduced.

This long-awaited second edition updates and expands upon the topics in the bestselling first edition. The text begins with an introduction to hazardous materials, providing historical insight into toxins past and present. The book then explores the health effects of hazardous materials, discusses risk assessment, and profiles toxins in the air, soil, and water. The author examines the transportation and management of hazardous materials, defines waste characterization and analytical methods, and investigates waste treatment and disposal. Appendices contain the latest governmental regulations and a useful glossary.

New to the Second Edition:











Expanded information and new technologies for groundwater remediation New material on transportation and hazmat incidents More emphasis on proactive management as a technique for reducing hazardous waste generation Greater focus on the epidemiological model

This volume provides the scientific background required to gain a working knowledge of toxic and hazardous substances. Comprehensive in scope yet concise enough to appeal to a wide range of professionals, it presents sufficient detail to ensure a firm understanding of the myriad concepts involved in hazardous materials management and how they relate to one another.
Preface to the Second Edition xv
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Acknowledgments xix
The Author xxi
Introduction to Hazardous Materials
1(6)
Hazard Defined
1(1)
Ancient Hazards
1(1)
The Industrial Age
2(1)
The Recent Past
2(5)
Toxicology and Health Effects of Hazardous Materials
7(20)
Introduction
7(2)
Basic Principles
7(1)
The Epidemiologic Model
8(1)
Routes of Exposure
9(3)
Defeating the Barriers
10(1)
Body Entry Routes
10(1)
Inhalation
10(1)
Ingestion
11(1)
Dermal Absorption
11(1)
Body Response to Toxic Chemicals
12(6)
The Lungs
13(2)
The Skin
15(1)
The Eyes
15(1)
The Central Nervous System
15(1)
The Liver
16(1)
The Kidneys
16(1)
The Blood
16(1)
The Reproductive System
16(1)
The Cardiovascular System
16(1)
The Skeletal System
16(1)
Other Factors to Consider
17(1)
Varieties of Toxic and Hazardous Effects
18(1)
Specific Contaminant Effects
19(1)
Carcinogens
19(1)
Mutagens
19(1)
Teratogens/Reproductive Toxicants
19(1)
Latency
20(1)
Dose-Response Relationships
20(2)
Allowable Exposure Limits
22(1)
Time Effects and Sensitivities
23(3)
Acute vs. Chronic
23(1)
Sensitive Populations
23(1)
Specific Air Pollutant Effects
24(2)
Sources of Health Effects Information
26(1)
Risks and Risk Assessment
27(22)
Introduction
27(1)
Risk Defined
27(1)
Risk Measures
27(1)
Types of Risks
28(2)
Assessment vs. Management
29(1)
Environmental Risk Assessments
29(1)
Societal Cancer Risks
29(1)
Individual Cancer Risks
30(1)
Noncancer Risks
30(1)
The Risk Assessment Process
30(9)
Major Elements in Health Risk Assessment
31(1)
Hazard Identification
31(2)
Dose-Response Assessment
33(1)
Exposure Assessment
34(1)
Risk Characterization
35(2)
Health Risk Assessment for Hazardous Wastes
37(1)
Models of Health Impact
37(1)
Linearized Multistaged Model
37(2)
One-Hit Model
39(1)
Gamma Multihit Model
39(1)
Log-Probit Model
39(1)
Time-to-Response Models
39(1)
Uncertainties in Risk Assessments
39(3)
Uncertainties in Toxicity
40(1)
Chemical Purities and Lab Procedures
40(1)
The Example of PCBs and Dioxins
40(1)
Dose Extrapolations
41(1)
Uncertainties in Modeled Exposures
41(1)
California Approaches
42(1)
CalTOX: A Total Exposure Model for Hazardous Waste Sites
42(1)
HARP for Air Toxics Risk Assessments
42(1)
Criteria for Health Impact and Acceptable Risks
43(1)
Carcinogens: Individual and Societal Risks
43(1)
Noncarcinogens: The Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index
43(1)
Percentage of Background: No Reference Health Data
43(1)
Screening Level Calculations
43(3)
Noncarcinogen Hazards
44(1)
Carcinogen Hazards
45(1)
Other Simplified Approaches
46(1)
Risk Management
46(3)
Air Pollution and Air Toxics
49(16)
Introduction
49(2)
Definitions
49(2)
Classifications and Sources
51(1)
Physical State and Reactivity
51(1)
Mobile vs. Stationary
51(1)
Direct vs. Indirect
52(1)
Direct Evaporative Emissions
52(3)
Evaporative Sources
54(1)
Fugitive Emissions
55(1)
Waste-Related Air Toxic Emissions
56(2)
Oxygenated Fuels: The Rise and Fall of MTBE
56(1)
Landfills
57(1)
Treatment-Related Emissions
58(2)
Regulatory Approaches
60(1)
Hazardous and Air Toxic Regulations
60(1)
Clean Air Mercury Rule
61(1)
Solid Waste Combustion
61(1)
Hazardous Air Emission Trends
61(4)
Soils and Groundwater
65(28)
Introduction
65(1)
Principles of Hydrogeology
66(5)
Underground Water
68(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle
68(1)
Aquifers
69(1)
Hydraulic Conductivity
70(1)
Groundwater Movement
71(1)
Surface and Groundwater Movement
72(1)
Contamination in Groundwater
72(6)
Detection and Monitoring
74(2)
Factors to Consider
76(2)
Mitigation and Treatment
78(6)
Source Control Methodologies
80(2)
Physical Control Methodologies
82(2)
Treatment Approaches
84(1)
Biological Treatment Methods
85(2)
Aboveground/Extractive Systems
85(1)
In Situ System Considerations
86(1)
Physical Treatment Methods
87(2)
Aeration
87(1)
Adsorption
88(1)
Chemical Treatment Methods
89(1)
Combination Systems
89(2)
Natural Methods and Attenuation
91(2)
Two Case Studies
91(2)
Transportation of Hazardous Materials
93(22)
Introduction
93(3)
Risks of Hazardous Materials Transport
93(3)
Laws Involved in Hazardous Materials Transportation
96(2)
Hazardous Waste Transportation Regulations
98(1)
Key Elements
98(14)
Hazard Classes
99(1)
Packaging and Labeling
99(3)
Performance-Oriented Packaging
102(1)
Markings and Labels
102(1)
Placarding
102(2)
Shipping Papers
104(1)
What to Include
105(1)
The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest System
106(1)
The Waste Characterization Sheet
107(1)
The Hazardous Waste Manifest
108(2)
The Hazardous Materials Table
110(2)
Practical Aspects of Hazardous Materials Transportation
112(1)
Hazardous Materials Spills/Incidents
112(1)
Recordkeeping for Hazardous Wastes
112(1)
Vehicles
113(1)
Hazardous Materials Registration Program
113(1)
Hazardous Materials Transportation Security
113(1)
Hazmat Employees and Training
113(1)
Trends in Transportation Incidents
113(2)
Management of Hazardous Materials
115(26)
Introduction
115(2)
Proactive Hazardous Materials Management
117(4)
Corporate Policy and Management Systems
117(2)
Implementing an Environmental Control Policy
119(1)
Alternatives to Hazardous Materials/Waste Generation
119(2)
General Considerations
121(4)
What Is a Hazardous Waste?
121(1)
The Role of Recycled Materials
122(1)
The Role of Good Housekeeping
123(1)
Process Consideration
123(1)
Storage of Hazardous Materials
124(1)
A Specific Management Approach: The Aerospace Industry
125(8)
Off-Site Waste Minimization
125(1)
On-Site Waste Minimization
125(1)
Parts Coatings and Stripping
126(1)
Modification Technologies
126(1)
Powder Coating
126(1)
Wet Electrostatic Techniques
127(1)
Electrocoating
127(1)
Water-Based Coatings
127(1)
High-Solids Coating
128(1)
Improved Painting Techniques
128(1)
Paint Stripping
128(1)
Solvent Recovery and Reuse Technologies
129(1)
Distillation
129(1)
Physical Methods
130(1)
Activated Carbon
130(1)
Metal Plating Waste Minimization
130(1)
Housekeeping
130(1)
Drag-Out Reduction
130(1)
Chemical Recovery Processes
131(2)
Hazardous Materials Planning for the Future
133(4)
Operations
133(1)
Energy
133(1)
Property
133(1)
New Facilities
134(1)
Future Liability Avoidance in Property Transfers
134(1)
All Appropriate Inquiry (AAI) Standard
134(2)
Local or State Land Use Restrictions
136(1)
Proactive Emergency Planning
137(4)
Key Provisions for Emergency Plans
137(1)
Practical Planning Considerations
137(1)
General Provisions
138(1)
Business Plans
138(1)
Area Plans
139(1)
Problem Areas and Information Sources
140(1)
Waste Characterization and Analytical Methods
141(18)
Introduction
141(2)
Knowing the Objective
141(1)
Procedural Matters
142(1)
Federal vs. State Methods
142(1)
Representative Sampling
143(1)
Sampling Plan or Protocols
143(1)
EPA Reference Methods
144(2)
Other Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) Methods
145(1)
Sampling and Handling
146(3)
Frequency and Number of Samples
146(1)
Samplers
146(3)
Sample Loss or Degradation
149(1)
Units of Measurement and Physical and Chemical Properties
149(1)
Fundamentals of Chemistry for Sample Analysis
150(1)
Matrices and Detection Limits
151(8)
Matrices
151(1)
Liquids
151(1)
Gases
152(1)
Solids
152(1)
Mixtures
152(1)
Detection Limits
152(1)
Definitions
153(1)
Lowering Detection Limits
154(1)
Analytical Methods and Techniques
154(1)
Methods
154(1)
Analyzers
155(1)
Handheld Instruments
155(1)
Portable Instruments
155(1)
Transportable Instruments
155(1)
Lab Instruments
156(1)
Lab Methods
156(1)
Inorganic Methods
156(1)
Organic Compound Methods
157(2)
Waste Treatment and Disposal
159(14)
Introduction
159(2)
Basic Principles
161(1)
Materials Recovery
161(1)
Industrial Ethyl Alcohol
162(1)
Scrap Metal
162(1)
Waste-Derived Fuels from Refining Processes
162(1)
Unrefined Waste-Derived Fuels and Oils
162(1)
Basic Treatment Principles
162(1)
Treatment Classes
163(5)
Physical Treatment
163(2)
Chemical Treatment
165(1)
Biological Treatment
165(1)
Thermal Treatment
166(1)
Fixation and Encapsulation
166(2)
Ultimate Residuals Management
168(5)
Appendix A: Federal Regulatory Approaches 173(22)
Appendix B: California Approaches 195(10)
Appendix C: Hazardous Materials Definitions 205(12)
Index 217
Griffin Environmental International, Irvine, California, USA