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E-raamat: Professional Ethics at the International Bar

(Lecturer in Law, University of Surrey)
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Over the past twenty years, the volume of international litigation and arbitration has increased exponentially. As the number of new international courts and tribunals has proliferated, the diversity and volume of advocates appearing before the international courts has also increased. With this increase, the ethical standards that apply to counsel have become a growing field of interest to practitioners of public international law. Problems threatening the integrity of the international judicial process and concerns about divergent ethical standards amongst counsel have multiplied in the international judicial system, prompting early attempts by senior members of the 'international bar' to articulate common ethical standards.

Professional Ethics at the International Bar examines the question of how to articulate common ethical standards for counsel appearing before international courts and tribunals, and the legal powers and practical ability of international courts to prescribe and enforce such standards. It conducts original research into both the theory and practice of the issues arising from this nascent process of professionalization. Using various sources, including interviews with judges, registrars, and senior practitioners, it argues that the professionalization of advocacy through the articulation of common ethical standards is both desirable and feasible in order to protect the integrity and fairness of the international judicial process.

Arvustused

Sarvarian offers unique insight into the reasons why international tribunals do or do not take action in the face of questionable ethical practices of the lawyers appearing before them...by boldly staking out his opinions, Sarvarian helps clarify what issues are agreed upon and what issues remain undecided, and ultimately invites commentary on all sides that will facilitate reasonable solutions. * Catherine H. Gibson, Covington & Burling, LLP, The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals * Sarvarian's study offers a fresh and innovative glance at the question of the professional deontology of international advocacy... Sarvarian's robust analysis identifies a legal gap and employs forceful arguments to demonstrate the need that this gap be filled. * Vassilis P Tzevelekos, International and Comparative Law Quarterly * Arman Sarvarian addresses a subject of great importance and growing attention. This is truly pioneering work, a significant contribution that identifies the key issues and offers thoughtful, balanced and intelligent ideas for solutions. This work will be a key text for practitioners, academics and students. * Professor Philippe Sands QC * [ This book] adds to the field of scholarship on international dispute resolution practice by articulating common ethical standards, and it will appeal to its target readership of international judges and legal counsel who already work in the public international law arena. This book also gives those readers a voice for their calls for a professionalised international bar, whilst providing them with a convenient resource about advocacy practice inconsistencies across the various permanently appointed international courts and arbitral institutions... Sarvarians book is thus highly valuable for raising awareness of a potential need, to examine the actual ethical standards of present leaders at the international bar. * Magdalene D'Silva, Modern Law Review * The leading work on the subject of the professional ethics of counsel before international courts and tribunals with valuable insight and information on the subject. A useful resource for practitioners, courts and academics alike with an interest in the law and practice of international courts and tribunals. * Judge Jean-Pierre Cot, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea * The inclusion in the prestigious series on International Courts and Tribunals and the impressive number of quotations that the book can already boast are testimony to its quality. This monograph does not shy away from taking upon its metaphorical shoulder the daunting task to serve as paradigm text for a whole new field of studies, as well as a handy repository of best practices (and worst problems) for anyone caring and daring enough to participate in a reform of the system. * Filippo Fontanelli, Chinese Journal of International Law *

List of Abbreviations
xi
Table of Cases
xv
Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments
xxiii
Table of National Legislation and Codes of Conduct
xxv
Introduction 1(6)
1 The Role of Counsel Ethics in International Litigation
7(22)
1.1 The Function of the International Judicial System
8(5)
1.2 The Role of Professional Advocacy in International Litigation
13(4)
1.2.1 Professionalism
14(1)
1.2.2 Professionalization
15(1)
1.2.3 Fundamental Ethical Duties
16(1)
1.3 Arguments for the Professionalization of Advocacy
17(4)
1.3.1 Solving Practical Problems
17(1)
1.3.2 Enhancing the Image of International Courts
18(1)
1.3.3 Stages of Professionalization
19(2)
1.4 Arguments against the Professionalization of Advocacy
21(6)
1.4.1 Common Ethical Standards are Impossible
21(2)
1.4.2 Enforcement is Impracticable
23(2)
1.4.3 Professionalization would Infringe Sovereignty
25(2)
1.5 Conclusions
27(2)
2 The Historical Development of National Ethical Traditions
29(31)
2.1 European Traditions
30(10)
2.1.1 Historical Background
30(1)
2.1.2 France
31(4)
2.1.3 England and Wales
35(5)
2.2 The American Tradition
40(4)
2.2.1 Historical Development
40(2)
2.2.2 Ethical Standards
42(1)
2.2.3 Ethical Efficacy
43(1)
2.3 Asian Traditions
44(7)
2.3.1 China
45(3)
2.3.2 Japan
48(3)
2.4 Islamic Traditions of the Near East
51(7)
2.4.1 Saudi Arabia
52(3)
2.4.2 Iran
55(3)
2.5 Conclusions
58(2)
3 The Historical Development of International Advocacy
60(20)
3.1 Ancient and Classical Arbitration
61(4)
3.1.1 Antiquity
61(1)
3.1.2 Middle Ages
62(1)
3.1.3 Early Modern Age
63(2)
3.2 The Permanent Court of Arbitration
65(3)
3.3 The Permanent Court of International Justice
68(10)
3.3.1 The Creation of the PCIJ
68(1)
3.3.2 Statute
69(1)
3.3.3 Rules of Procedure
69(6)
3.3.4 Calls for an International Bar
75(3)
3.4 Conclusions
78(2)
4 The International Court of Justice
80(34)
4.1 Historical Background
81(1)
4.2 Admission Requirements
82(7)
4.2.1 Agents
83(2)
4.2.2 Membership of a National Bar
85(1)
4.2.3 Academic Lawyers
86(1)
4.2.4 Experts
87(2)
4.2.5 Legal Aid
89(1)
4.3 Ethical Standards
89(22)
4.3.1 Duties to the Client
90(8)
4.3.2 Duties to the Court
98(13)
4.4 Disciplinary Jurisdiction
111(1)
4.5 Conclusions
112(2)
5 The European Court of Justice
114(30)
5.1 Historical Background
115(3)
5.2 Admission Requirements
118(10)
5.2.1 Agents
120(1)
5.2.2 Lawyers
121(4)
5.2.3 Employed Lawyers
125(2)
5.2.4 Experts
127(1)
5.3 Ethical Standards
128(12)
5.3.1 Duties to the Client
130(4)
5.3.2 Duties to the Court
134(5)
5.3.3 Duties to Colleagues
139(1)
5.4 Disciplinary Jurisdiction
140(2)
5.5 Conclusions
142(2)
6 The European Court of Human Rights
144(19)
6.1 Historical Background
145(4)
6.2 Admission Requirements
149(1)
6.3 Ethical Standards
150(9)
6.3.1 Duties to the Client
151(1)
6.3.2 Duties to the Court
152(7)
6.3.3 Duties to Colleagues
159(1)
6.4 Disciplinary Jurisdiction
159(2)
6.5 Conclusions
161(2)
7 Investment Arbitration
163(27)
7.1 Historical Background
164(1)
7.2 Admission Requirements
165(6)
7.3 Ethical Standards
171(11)
7.3.1 Duties to the Client
172(5)
7.3.2 Duties to the Tribunal
177(4)
7.3.3 Duties to Colleagues
181(1)
7.4 Disciplinary Jurisdiction
182(6)
7.5 Conclusions
188(2)
8 The International Criminal Court
190(53)
8.1 Historical Background
191(5)
8.1.1 Nuremberg
191(2)
8.1.2 ICTY
193(3)
8.2 Admission Requirements
196(5)
8.2.1 Prosecutors
196(3)
8.2.2 Defence Counsel
199(2)
8.3 Ethical Standards
201(34)
8.3.1 Prosecutors
201(18)
8.3.2 Defence Counsel
219(16)
8.4 Disciplinary Jurisdiction
235(6)
8.4.1 Prosecutors
235(3)
8.4.2 Defence Counsel
238(1)
8.4.3 Double Deontology
239(2)
8.5 Conclusions
241(2)
9 Developing Common Ethical Standards before International Courts
243(22)
9.1 Regulatory Jurisdiction of International Courts
244(11)
9.1.1 Powers to Regulate Counsel
246(6)
9.1.2 Practical Ability to Regulate Counsel
252(3)
9.2 Articulation of Common Ethical Standards
255(8)
9.2.1 ILA Hague Principles
255(4)
9.2.2 IBA Guidelines
259(1)
9.2.3 CCBE
260(3)
9.3 Conclusions
263(2)
10 Towards an International Bar
265(17)
10.1 Centralization of Regulatory Authority
266(1)
10.2 National Enforcement of Ethical Standards
267(2)
10.3 International Bar Authority
269(7)
10.3.1 Bar Admission
270(2)
10.3.2 Code of Conduct
272(1)
10.3.3 Standing Disciplinary Panel
273(3)
10.4 Consequences of Professionalization
276(4)
10.4.1 Procedural Integrity
277(1)
10.4.2 Counsel Independence
278(1)
10.4.3 Party Control over Case Presentation
279(1)
10.4.4 Exclusion of Non-Professionals
279(1)
10.4.5 Formation of a Collective Bar
280(1)
10.5 Conclusions
280(2)
Conclusions 282(7)
Bibliography 289(14)
Index 303
From 2009-2010 Arman Sarvarian acted as legal secretary to the International Law Association Study Group on International Courts and Tribunals, throughout the drafting of the ILA Hague Principles on Ethical Standards for Counsel before International Courts and Tribunals. Since 2011, he has been a member of the International Bar Association Task Force on Counsel Ethics in International Arbitration. Arman completed the Bar Vocational Course on a Lord Denning Major Scholarship from the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn and was called to the English Bar in 2010. He has authored articles and papers about public international law, including common ethical standards for counsel before the European Court of Justice, European Court of Human Rights, investment and commercial arbitration, and the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal. He is currently a lecturer in law at the University of Surrey.