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E-raamat: Professional Practice for Architects and Project Managers

(University of Central England in Birmingham)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Nov-2019
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119540113
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Nov-2019
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119540113
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Explains construction professional practice in an appealing, succinct, and relatively informal way

This book details the management of construction projects from beginning to end, concentrating on the principles underlying what construction professionals like architects do. It covers the entire process—from the initial meetings with clients through the design, recruitment of a contractor, contract management, construction, and handover—all without referencing legal cases, contract clause numbers, laws, statutes, or the complex jargon that can muddle comprehension. 

The first part of Professional Practice for Architects and Project Managers offers enlightening chapters that cover: professional standards, perks of the job, bonds and parent company guarantees, office meetings, letter writing, the RIBA Plan of Work, and Building Information Modelling (BIM). The second section teaches all about dealing with the clients, and includes chapters that discuss the extent of services, fee negotiations, conflicts of interest, and more. Next the book looks at such on-the-job responsibilities as surveys, ground investigations, cost estimates, work schedules, letters of intent, etc. The final section goes over everything readers need to know about dealing with a building contract in progress, informing them about advance payments, insurance, site inspections, contractor disputes, terminations, final certificates, and more.

  • Details the entire process of managing a construction project, including dealing with clients, the design process, running a construction project, and more
  • Highlights what the construction professionals do in their positions
  • Shows how principles of construction management are applied in practice
  • Written in a reader-friendly and accessible way

Professional Practice for Architects and Project Managers is an excellent resource for architects and other construction professionals such as contract administrators, project managers, quantity surveyors, and contractors.

Preface xxi
Abbreviations xxiii
Section I This and That 1(80)
1 Professional Standards
3(2)
Codes of Conduct
3(1)
Architects are Unusual
3(1)
What You Say You Are
3(2)
2 How to Appear Confident
5(2)
Basic Misplaced Confidence
5(1)
Don't Pretend
6(1)
3 Perks
7(2)
Cars
7(1)
Medical Insurance
8(1)
Loans
8(1)
4 Nosebags
9(2)
Prologue
9(1)
Secrecy
9(1)
What to Do
10(1)
Travel
10(1)
Do Not Bribe
10(1)
5 Design
11(2)
6 Copyright
13(4)
What is Copyright?
13(1)
Who Owns Copyright?
13(1)
Licences
14(1)
Moral Rights
14(1)
Infringement
14(3)
7 Flowcharts: Physical and Mental
17(2)
8 Making a Decision
19(4)
General Things
19(1)
Simple Decisions
19(1)
The Really Big Decisions
19(4)
9 Approvals
23(4)
Must the Architect Approve?
23(1)
Meaning of Approval
23(1)
What to Do
24(1)
If the Contractor has Design Responsibility
24(1)
Sub-contractor's Drawings
24(3)
10 Replacement Architect
27(4)
The Building Contract
27(1)
Different Disciplines
27(1)
Unqualified Replacements
28(1)
Employer as Contract Administrator
28(1)
The Code of Professional Conduct
28(3)
11 Agency
31(4)
Getting It Clear
31(1)
What Does it mean to be an Agent?
31(1)
How can the Contractor know if the Architect is Acting as Agent for the Client in any Particular Instance?
32(1)
An Agent's Duties
33(2)
12 Presentation
35(2)
Purpose
35(1)
Method
35(2)
13 Abortive Work
37(2)
Architects
37(1)
Contractors
37(2)
14 Telephone
39(2)
Calls Out
39(1)
Calls In
39(1)
Records
40(1)
Mobiles
40(1)
15 Writing Letters (or Emails)
41(6)
Basic Principles
41(2)
Is Dictation a Good Idea?
43(1)
Facsimile (Fax)
43(1)
Emails
43(1)
A Final Thought
44(3)
16 Information Technology
47(2)
17 The RIBA Plan of Work 2013
49(4)
Before 2013
49(1)
2013
49(1)
Some General Observations
50(3)
18 Building Information Modelling
53(2)
What is Building Information Modelling?
53(1)
Good and Bad
54(1)
Levels of BIM
54(1)
19 Computer-aided Design
55(2)
The First Question
55(1)
CAD in Practice
55(2)
20 Technical Information
57(4)
Then and Now
57(1)
Literature
57(1)
Reps
58(1)
Things to Do
58(3)
21 Bonds and Parent Company Guarantees
61(4)
Bonds
61(1)
Performance Bond
61(1)
Payment for Off-site Materials Bond
62(1)
Advance Payment Bond
63(1)
Retention Bond
63(1)
Parent Company Guarantee
63(2)
22 Assignment
65(2)
23 Contracts
67(4)
General
67(1)
What is Essential in a Contract?
67(2)
Agreement
68(1)
Intention to Create a Legal Relationship
68(1)
Something Given by Both Persons
68(1)
Breaking the Contract
69(1)
Repudiation
69(1)
Two Types of Contract
70(1)
24 Limitation Period
71(4)
Some General Thoughts
71(1)
In the Case of a Contract
71(1)
In the Case of Negligence, Trespass, and Nuisance
72(1)
Legal Proceedings
73(1)
Amended by the Contract
73(2)
25 Confidentiality
75(2)
Different Kinds of Confidentiality
75(1)
Employment
75(1)
Relationship Between Professional and Client
76(1)
What if there is a Breach of Confidentiality?
76(1)
Some General Things
76(1)
26 Reasonable Time
77(2)
27 The Build
79(2)
Section II Dealing with Clients 81(46)
28 Extent of Services
83(4)
Full Architectural Services
83(1)
Unacceptable Partial Services
83(1)
Dangers
84(1)
What to Do
85(1)
Acceptable Partial Services
85(2)
29 Difficult Clients
87(4)
What do I mean by 'Difficult'?
87(1)
Some Thoughts
87(1)
The Answer
88(3)
30 Getting Appointed
91(4)
The Problems
91(1)
Market when You are Busy
92(1)
Keep in the Public Eye
92(1)
Competitions
93(1)
Contacts
93(1)
Direct Approaches
93(1)
A Few Don'ts
93(1)
Conclusion
93(2)
31 Fees
95(6)
The Importance of Proper Terms of Engagement
95(1)
What if there are no Terms?
95(1)
What are some Terms?
96(1)
Claiming Extra Fees
96(1)
Getting Paid
97(1)
How a Court Calculates Fees
98(3)
32 Consultants
101(4)
Definition
101(1)
Engaging Consultants
102(1)
Importance of Early Appointment
102(1)
General Points
103(1)
Instructions
103(2)
33 Project Managers
105(4)
Definition
105(1)
Types of Project Manager
106(1)
Type 1 Project Manager
106(1)
Project Manager Type 2
107(1)
Final Comments
107(2)
34 Net Contribution Clause
109(2)
35 Warranties
111(6)
Definition
111(1)
The Purpose of Warranties
111(1)
Can Architects Avoid Signing Warranties?
112(1)
Typical Clauses
113(2)
Reasonable Skill and Care
113(1)
Prohibited Materials
113(1)
Step-in Rights
113(1)
Copyright
114(1)
Professional Indemnity Insurance
115(1)
Net Contribution Clause
115(1)
Assignment
115(1)
Conclusion
116(1)
36 Consultant's Certificates
117(4)
What are Consultant's Certificates?
117(1)
Insurance
117(1)
Site Visits
118(1)
Reliance
118(1)
Time Period
118(1)
Liabilities
119(1)
Charging
119(1)
Summary
120(1)
37 Conflict of Interest
121(4)
What is Conflict of Interest?
121(1)
Conflict Examples
121(4)
38 Consumers, Corporations, and Associations
125(2)
Dealing with Consumers, Corporations, and Associations
125(1)
Consumers
125(1)
Corporations
126(1)
Associations
126(1)
Section III On with the Job 127(94)
39 The Brief
129(2)
Wants vs Needs
129(1)
Getting the Brief
129(2)
40 Feasibility Studies
131(2)
General Points
131(1)
What to Put at the Beginning
131(1)
Headings
132(1)
41 Surveys
133(4)
Types of Survey
133(1)
Who Should Carry Out the Survey?
133(1)
Vital Points
134(1)
Boundaries
134(1)
General Points
134(3)
42 Ground Investigations
137(2)
Definition
137(1)
Practicalities
137(1)
Ground Investigation Reports
138(1)
43 Reports
139(6)
What is a Report?
139(1)
Why Write a Report?
139(1)
The Reader
140(1)
The Report
140(2)
Fact and Opinion
142(1)
Presentation
142(1)
Essentials of a Good Report
143(2)
44 Sketch Designs
145(2)
45 Design Development
147(4)
Definition
147(1)
The Key
147(1)
The Fee Question
148(3)
46 Cost Estimates
151(2)
Definition and Warning
151(1)
Construction Estimates and Fees
151(2)
47 Cost Planning
153(2)
Take Care
153(1)
The Budget
154(1)
The Cost Plan
154(1)
48 Amenity Societies
155(2)
Always Involve Amenity Societies
155(1)
Timing
155(1)
Problems
155(1)
Offer a Presentation
156(1)
49 Building Control
157(4)
A Few General Things
157(1)
Completion Certificates
157(1)
Local Authority Fees
158(1)
Withdrawing Applications
158(1)
Building Control Officer's Instructions on Site
158(3)
50 Procurement
161(12)
What does Procurement Mean?
161(1)
Choosing the Right System
161(5)
Time
161(2)
Cost
163(1)
Control and Risk
164(1)
Quality
165(1)
Size/Value
165(1)
Complexity
166(1)
Procurement Systems
166(2)
Traditional
167(1)
Project Management
167(1)
Design and Build
167(1)
Design and Manage
168(1)
Management Contracting
168(1)
Construction Management
168(1)
Some General Points
168(2)
Partnering
170(3)
51 Contract Selection
173(4)
Do Not Start Work Without a Contract
173(1)
Standard Forms
173(1)
Criteria
174(1)
Amendments
175(2)
52 Contract Documents
177(4)
Documents
177(1)
Why Do We Call Some Documents 'Contract Documents'?
178(1)
Standard Form of Contract
178(1)
Amendments
179(1)
Consistency is Essential
179(1)
Finally
179(2)
53 Production Information
181(2)
Definition
181(1)
Schedules
181(2)
54 Bills of Quantities
183(4)
What are Bills of Quantities?
183(1)
Preparing the Bills of Quantities
183(1)
Structure of the Bills
184(1)
Problems
184(1)
Standard Methods of Measurement
185(2)
55 Specifications
187(4)
What Really is a Specification?
187(1)
Prescriptive Specification
187(1)
Performance Specification
187(1)
Why is a Specification Needed?
188(1)
How is the Specification Used?
188(1)
Drafting Specifications
189(2)
56 Employer's Requirements
191(4)
What are Employer's Requirements?
191(1)
Things to Consider
191(1)
Variations
192(1)
Planning Permission
193(1)
Contents of the Employer's Requirements
193(2)
57 Contractor's Proposals
195(2)
58 Consultant Switch
197(2)
What is Consultant Switch?
197(1)
Advantages
198(1)
Conflict
198(1)
59 Novation
199(2)
What is Novation?
199(1)
Conflict
199(2)
60 Schedules of Work
201(2)
Basic Thoughts
201(1)
What is the Purpose of a Schedule of Work?
201(2)
61 Activity Schedules
203(2)
Quick Description
203(1)
Some Problems
203(1)
Finally
204(1)
62 Implied Terms
205(2)
General Rules
205(1)
Examples of Implied Terms
205(2)
63 Tendering
207(6)
Competitive Tendering or Negotiation
207(1)
Tenderers
208(1)
Tender Documents
209(1)
The Process
209(2)
Tenders Which are Too High
211(1)
Exceeding the Budget
211(2)
64 Letters of Intent
213(4)
General Points
213(1)
Dangers
214(1)
When to Issue
215(2)
65 Preparing the Contract Documents
217(4)
What are the Contract Documents?
217(1)
How are the Contract Documents put Together?
217(1)
Don't Do This
218(1)
What are Articles?
218(1)
What are Recitals?
218(1)
Completing the Printed Contract Form
218(1)
Some Key Points
219(1)
Attestation
219(1)
Are Some Documents More Important than Others?
220(1)
Section IV Dealing with a Building Contract in Progress 221(156)
66 Preliminaries
223(2)
What are Preliminaries?
223(1)
Pricing
223(1)
Extension of Preliminaries
224(1)
67 Possession of the Site
225(4)
What is 'Possession'?
225(1)
How does the Contractor get Possession?
225(1)
Make Things Clear
226(1)
More than One Party in Possession
226(1)
Failure to give Possession
227(2)
68 Dealing with Difficult Contractors
229(4)
First Things
229(1)
Next Things
230(1)
A Couple More Things
230(1)
Contractual Difficulties
231(1)
Summary
231(2)
69 Advance Payment
233(4)
The Problems
233(1)
Solutions
233(1)
Unorthodox Payments
234(3)
70 Retention
237(2)
Definition
237(1)
No Automatic Right to Retention
237(1)
The Mechanism
237(1)
Retention Bond
238(1)
71 Contractor's Programme
239(4)
Basics
239(1)
Float
240(1)
Computer-generated Programmes
240(3)
72 Acceleration
243(4)
What is Acceleration All About?
243(1)
Is it Best Endeavours?
243(1)
Constructive Acceleration
244(1)
Cautionary Tale
244(1)
Final Warning
245(2)
73 Postponement
247(2)
What is Meant by Postponement?
247(1)
So What?
247(1)
Power to Postpone
248(1)
74 Insurance
249(4)
General
249(1)
Subrogation and Joint Names
249(1)
Building Contracts Damage to Persons or Property
249(1)
Damage to Other Property for which the Employer is Responsible
250(1)
Insurance of the Works
250(1)
The Architect's Responsibility
251(2)
75 Maintaining Standards On Site
253(2)
Definition
253(1)
Some Basics
253(1)
General Points
254(1)
76 Coming to Blows
255(2)
77 Meetings
257(4)
Before You Have a Meeting
257(1)
Site Meetings
258(1)
Other Meetings
258(2)
Agenda
260(1)
78 Clerks of Works
261(4)
By Way of Introduction
261(1)
Categories of Clerks of Works
261(1)
Powers
262(1)
Liability
262(1)
The Value of the Clerk of Works
263(1)
Qualities
263(1)
Practicalities
264(1)
79 Site Agent
265(2)
What's in a Name?
265(1)
Attendance
265(1)
Duties
266(1)
80 Site Inspections
267(6)
Perfection?
267(1)
Duty to Inspect
267(1)
The Process
268(3)
Techniques
271(2)
81 Snagging
273(2)
82 Defects
275(4)
Definition
275(1)
But What is a Defect?
275(2)
Contractual Provisions
277(1)
Arguments
277(1)
The Architect has No Duty to the Contractor
278(1)
83 Samples
279(4)
Two Situations
279(1)
Before
279(1)
After
279(2)
Design and Build
281(2)
84 Temporary Work
283(2)
General
283(1)
Existing Buildings
283(2)
85 Architect's Instructions
285(6)
What is an Instruction?
285(1)
Must an Instruction be in a Particular Form?
285(1)
Signing Instructions
286(1)
Must an Instruction be in Writing?
286(1)
Is the Architect Obliged to Confirm the Employer's Instructions?
287(1)
Refusal to Carry out a Validly Issued Instruction
288(1)
Can the Employer Prevent the Issue of an Architect's Instruction?
288(3)
86 Certificates
291(4)
Kinds of Certificate
291(1)
What is a Certificate?
291(1)
What must a Certificate Contain?
292(1)
Timing
292(1)
Can a Certificate be Withdrawn?
292(3)
87 The Architect's Conundrum
295(2)
Is the Architect like an Arbitrator?
295(1)
What Then?
295(1)
Is there a Solution?
296(1)
88 Sub-Contractors and Suppliers
297(4)
Is Sub-contracting Wrong?
297(1)
If the Contractor Allegedly Does Not Pay
297(1)
If the Contractor Goes Bust
298(1)
Architect's Discussions with Specialist Sub-contractors
298(1)
Shop Drawings
299(1)
Employer Supply Problems
299(2)
89 Other Contractors on the Works
301(2)
Why?
301(1)
How?
301(1)
Problems
302(1)
90 Statutory Undertakers
303(2)
91 Variations and Valuation
305(4)
Definition
305(1)
Does the Contract Allow Variations?
305(1)
Is There an Implied Term?
306(1)
Change in Scope
306(1)
Valuation
306(1)
Reducing Variations is a Good Thing
306(1)
A Final Thought
307(2)
92 Provisional and Prime Cost Sums
309(4)
Not Difficult
309(1)
Provisional Sum
309(1)
Prime Cost Sums
310(1)
Conclusion
311(2)
93 Workmanship and Materials
313(2)
Goods and Materials
313(1)
Inability to Obtain
313(1)
Workmanship and Workmanlike Manner
314(1)
94 Materials Off-Site
315(4)
Different Situations
315(1)
Why Certify?
315(1)
Problems
315(1)
How can the Employer be Protected?
316(3)
95 Payment
319(4)
What Kind of Payments are We Talking About?
319(1)
Something to Forget
319(1)
Something to Remember
320(1)
Pay Less Notice
320(1)
Over-certification by the Architect
320(1)
Banks
321(2)
96 Delays and Extensions of Time
323(4)
Back to Basics
323(1)
Building Contracts
323(1)
Dealing with Extensions of Time
324(1)
Use of Programmes
324(1)
Using a Computer
325(1)
Without a Computer
325(1)
A Final Two Points
326(1)
97 Liquidated Damages
327(4)
Damages
327(1)
Liquidated or Unliquidated Damages
327(1)
Liquidated Damages
327(1)
Rules and Myths
328(1)
Calculating a Figure
328(2)
Process
330(1)
98 Penalties
331(2)
99 Financial Claims
333(8)
Introduction
333(1)
Prolongation
333(1)
Disruption
333(1)
Types of Claim
334(5)
On-Site Establishment Costs
334(1)
Head-office Overheads
335(1)
Uneconomic Working
336(1)
Winter Working
337(1)
Site Supervision Costs
337(1)
Plant Hire
338(1)
Increased Costs
338(1)
Costs of Preparing the Claim
339(1)
Finance Charges
339(1)
Global Claims
339(1)
Conclusion
340(1)
100 Termination
341(4)
Common Misconceptions
341(2)
Performance
341(1)
Agreement
342(1)
Frustration
342(1)
Breach
342(1)
Novation
343(1)
Operation of Law
343(1)
Contractual Termination Clauses
343(2)
101 Practical Completion
345(6)
Definition
345(1)
Qualifying the Certificate
346(1)
Inspection Before Certification
347(1)
Certification
347(1)
Handover
348(1)
Partial Possession and Section Completion
349(1)
Phased Completion
349(2)
102 Rectification Period
351(6)
What is the Recitification Period?
351(1)
Why is the Rectification Period in Building Contracts?
351(1)
What About Defects After the End of the Period?
351(1)
Length of the Period
352(1)
How Does the Rectification Period Work?
352(1)
The Employer's Role if there is a Rectification Period
353(1)
Potential Problems
354(3)
103 As-Built Records
357(2)
104 Final Certificate
359(4)
Final
359(1)
Conclusive or Not
359(1)
Should the Final Certificate be Issued?
359(1)
Whose Opinion?
360(1)
The Process
361(2)
105 Review
363(2)
106 Dispute Resolution
365(6)
Some Basics
365(1)
When to use What?
366(1)
Adjudication
366(1)
Arbitration
367(1)
Advantages of Arbitration
367(1)
Disadvantages of Arbitration
368(1)
Litigation
368(1)
Advantages of Litigation
368(1)
Disadvantages of Litigation
368(1)
Negotiation, Conciliation, and Mediation
369(2)
107 Adjudication
371(6)
Is Adjudication the Same as Arbitration?
371(1)
Some General Things
371(1)
Costs
372(1)
Deciding to Refer a Dispute to Adjudication
372(1)
The Process
373(1)
Timing
373(1)
Meeting
374(1)
The Referral
375(1)
The Response
375(1)
Final Thoughts
376(1)
Index 377
David Chappell, BA (Hons Arch) MA(Arch) MA(Law) PhD RIBA, is an experienced architect who has worked in both the public and private sectors, as well as acting as contract administrator for a building contractor and as a lecturer in construction law and contracts procedure. He was Professor and Senior Research Fellow in Architectural Practice and Management Research at The Queens University of Belfast and Visiting Professor of Practice Management and Law at the University of Central England in Birmingham. Since 1989, he has practiced as a contracts consultant and adjudicator, both for a large consultancy and as director of his own consultancy.