The Progress in Infancy Research Series is dedicated to the presentation of innovative and exciting research on infants, both human and animal. Each volume in the series is designed to stand alone and contains autonomous chapters which are based on high quality programs of research with infants. These chapters integrate the work of the authors with that of other experts working in the same or related areas. The authors wish to present high quality critical syntheses bearing on infant perception and sensation, learning and memory processes, and other aspects of development. This series will be a forum for the presentation of technological breakthroughs, methodological advances, and new integrations that might create platforms for future programmatic work on the complexities of infant behavior and development.
Each volume in the series is dedicated to an outstanding investigator whose research has illuminated the nature of infant behavior and development, and whose contributions to the field have been of seminal importance.
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"This series promises to carry on the tradition of another series, Advances in Infancy Research, which set a standard for presentation of current research in development across infancy and childhood." Contemporary Psychology
List of Contributors xiii Preface xv Dedication xvii Commentary xxiii Byron A. Campbell Byron A. Campbell: Selected Works 1(20) Retention and Extinction of Learned Fear in Infant and Adult Rats (1962) 1(15) Byron A. Campbell Enid Hobart Campbell Reinstatement (1966) 16(5) Byron A. Campbell Julian Jaynes Age-Related Changes in Imitation: Implications for Memory Development 21(48) Rachel Barr Harlene Hayne Mobile Conjugate Reinforcement Paradigm 21(3) Imitation Paradigms 24(2) Deferred Imitation 24(1) Elicited Imitation 25(1) Present Research Program 26(12) General Procedure 27(1) Age-Related Changes in Learning 28(1) Imitation of Live Models 28(4) Imitation From Television 32(6) Age-Related Changes in Retention 38(2) Age-Related Changes in the Specificity of Memory Retrieval 40(9) Proximal Retrieval Cues 42(5) Contextual Retrieval Cues 47(2) The Effects of Practice 49(8) Long-Term Retention of Complex Sequences 50(1) Specificity of Effective Retrieval Cues 51(3) Memory Reactivation 54(3) Summary 57(2) Implications and Conclusions 59(3) Multiple Memory Systems 59(2) Childhood Amnesia 61(1) Acknowledgments 62(1) References 62(7) Down Syndrome: Neuropsychology and Animal Models 69(44) Linda S. Crnic Bruce F. Pennington The Neuropsychology of Down Syndrome 69(9) Level and Trajectory of IQ 72(1) Speech and Language 73(1) Short-Term Memory 74(1) Spatial Cognition 74(1) The Prefrontal Cortex 75(2) The Hippocampus 77(1) The Cerebellum 77(1) Overview of Animal Models of Down Syndrome 78(6) Why Create Animal Models of DS? 78(1) Is DNA Destiny? 79(1) Development of Animal Models of Down Syndrome 79(1) Mouse Trisomy 16 (Ts16) 80(1) Single Gene and Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC) Transgenics 81(2) Segmental Trisomy Mice 83(1) Developmental and Behavioral Phenotype of Segmental Trisomies 84(18) Early Development 84(1) Sensorimotor Function 84(1) Cognitive Phenotype of the Partial Trisomies 85(1) Prefrontal Signs 86(4) Hippocampal Signs 90(6) Cerebral Signs 96(1) Social Behavior 96(1) Stereotypies 96(1) Cognitive Strengths 97(1) Central Nervous System Phenotype of Segmental Trisomies 97(1) Neuroanatomy 97(1) Cholinergic Neuron Loss 98(1) Alzheimers-Like Neuropathology 99(1) Neurochemical Systems 99(1) Gene Linkage of Cognitive Phenotypes 100(1) Cautionary Note 101(1) Conclusions 102(1) Acknowledgments 102(1) References 103(10) The Development of Visual Surface Perception: Insights Into the Ontogeny of Knowledge 113(42) Scott P. Johnson The Infants Visual World 116(7) Young Infants Perception of Object Unity 116(3) Visual Information in the Three-Dimensional Rod-and-Box Display 119(1) Three-Dimensional Depth Cues 119(1) Accretion and Deletion of Texture 120(1) Common Motion 120(1) Interposition of Rod-and-Box Edges 120(1) Configurational Information 120(1) Surface Appearance (Texture, Luminance, and Color) 121(1) Models of Young Infants Perception of Object Unity 121(2) Testing Individual Cues in Young Infants Surface Perception 123(14) Depth Cues 123(1) Three-Dimensional Depth Cues 123(1) Accretion and Deletion of Background Texture 124(1) Edge Sensitivity: The Case of Illusory Contours 125(3) Edge Orientation 128(1) Misaligned Edges 128(1) Nonaligned Edges 128(2) Surface Configuration 130(1) Configuration of the Occluder: Integration of Visual Information Over Space and Time 130(1) Configuration of the Partly Occluded Object: The Role of Good Form 131(1) Locally Misaligned Object Edges 132(1) Locally Nonaligned Object Edges 133(1) Common Fate (Synchronous Change) 133(1) Luminance and Color 134(2) Summary 136(1) A Theoretical Description of the Results: The Threshold Model 136(1) The Development of Surface Perception: Empirical Findings 137(2) Evidence for Innate Knowledge? 137(1) The Development of Perception of Object Unity: Evidence From Infants 137(2) The Development of Surface Perception: Theoretical Considerations and Hypotheses 139(8) The Development of Perception of Object Unity: A Computational Model 140(1) The Neurophysiology of Vision 141(1) The Neurophysiology of Object Perception 142(1) A Threshold for the Development of Surface Perception? 143(1) Development of the Visual Cortex and Surface Perception 144(2) Is Object Knowledge Innate? 146(1) Future Directions 147(1) Conclusions 148(1) Acknowledgments 149(1) References 149(6) Automated Face Analysis 155(28) Jeffrey F. Cohn Adena Zlochower James Lien Wei Hua Takeo Kanade Current Methods of Analyzing Facial Displays 156(3) The Need for Automated Methods of Analyzing Facial Displays 159(1) Current State of Automated Methods 159(6) Facial EMG 159(1) Computer Vision 160(1) Principal Components Analysis of Gray-Scale Images 160(2) Tracking Standard Facial Features 162(1) Optical Flow 162(3) High-Gradient Component Detection 165(1) Automated Face Analysis 165(9) Feature-Point Tracking 166(1) Dense-Flow Extraction 166(1) High-Gradient Component Detection 167(2) Image Alignment 169(2) Hidden Markov Modeling of FACS Action Units 171(3) Experimental Results 174(1) Image Acquisition 174(1) Image Alignment 174(1) Action Unit Discrimination 174(1) Discussion 175(2) Acknowledgments 177(1) References 177(6) Texture Segmentation, ``Pop-out, and Feature Binding in Infants and Children 183(68) Ruxandra Sireteanu Background 185(3) Texture Segmentation and Pop-Out: Investigations with the Forced-Choice Preferential Looking Method 188(14) Segmentation of Oriented and Luminance-Defined Textures Presented on Two Separate Test Fields (Experiment 1) 188(1) Methods 189(2) Results 191(3) Discussion 194(1) Infants Segmentation of Oriented Textures Presented on a Single, Continuous Test Field (Experiment 2) 195(1) Methods 196(1) Results 197(3) Discussion 200(2) Texture Segmentation and Pop-Out: Assessments with a Habituation-Novelty Preference Procedure 202(10) Infants Segmentation of Oriented Texture Presented on Two Separate Test Fields (Experiment 3) 202(1) Method 202(2) Results 204(1) Discussion 205(3) Do Infants Perceive an Embedded-Oriented Texture as a Coherent Figure? (Experiment 4) 208(1) Methods 208(1) Results 209(1) Discussion 210(2) Infants Perception of Subjective Contours: A Particular Case of Feature Binding? (Experiment 5) 212(10) Do Infants Prefer Stimuli Containing a Subjective Contour? (Experiment 5.1) 213(1) Method 213(1) Results 214(1) Do Infants Perceive the Orientation of the Subjective Contour? (Experiment 5.2) 215(1) Method 216(1) Results 217(1) Do Infants Perceive the Subjective Contour as a Line of a Particular Orientation? (Experiment 5.3) 218(1) Method 219(1) Results 220(1) Discussion 221(1) Segmentation of Oriented and Luminance-Defined Textures Presented on Test Cards (Control Experiments) 222(3) Method 223(1) Results 223(2) Discussion 225(1) The Role of Saliency in Texture Segmentation (Experiment 6) 225(10) Do Infants Prefer the Least Salient Texture if Stimuli Are Presented on Two Separate Test Fields? (Experiment 6.1) 226(1) Method 226(1) Results 227(1) Do Infants Prefer the Least Salient Texture if Stimuli Are Presented on Test Cards? (Experiment 6.2) 228(1) Method 228(2) Results 230(2) Discussion 232(3) Texture Segmentation and Pop-Out in School Children: Assessments with a Manual Reaction Time Procedure (Experiment 7) 235(3) Method 235(1) Results 235(2) Discussion 237(1) General Discussion 238(7) Summary of Our Findings 238(1) Relationship to Previous Studies 239(2) Do Young Infants Experience Pop-out? 241(1) Possible Neural Mechanisms for Segmentation and Binding 242(2) Relation to Animal Studies 244(1) Conclusion 244(1) Acknowledgments 245(1) References 245(6) The Continuum of Language Development During Infancy and Early Childhood: Electrophysiological Correlates 251(38) Dennis L. Molfese Victoria J. Molfese The Use of ERP Technique to Study Brain-Behavior Relations 252(2) Phonetic Discrimination and ERPs 254(15) Voice Onset Time 255(5) Place of Articulation 260(4) Vowel Sounds 264(5) Multivariate Approaches to Language Prediction Using ERPs to Predict Later Development 269(7) Studies With Infants 269(2) Studies With Preschool Children 271(2) Studies With School-Age Children 273(3) Why Are ERPs Predictive of Language Development? 276(6) Summary and Implications 282(1) Acknowledgments 283(1) References 283(6) Author Index 289(12) Subject Index 301
Carolyn Rovee-Collier (Edited by) , Lewis P. Lipsitt (Edited by) , Harlene Hayne (Edited by)
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