How can social bonds in society be strengthened? How do we learn and develop prosocial behaviour?
This comprehensive textbook provides up-to-date coverage of the social phenomenon of prosocial behaviour, incorporating all the major developments in the fields of developmental and social psychology. The first section identifies different forms of prosocial behaviour, including estimates of prevalence in everyday situations and the controversy between biological and cultural perspectives as explanatory models of prosocial behaviour. The second and third sections focus on learning and development, with emphasis on social learning, responsibility, empathy and guilt. The fourth section explores the prevalence of prosocial behaviour, in particular the situational and personality factors which inhibit urgently needed prosocial behaviour. The final section is devoted to practical applications, such as how to increase the likelihood that people will work as volunteers in community organisations and how to heighten the willingness to offer first aid.
This book will be an invaluable resource for both undergraduate and postgraduate students of social psychology and sociology, as well as anyone with an interest in social services and voluntary organisations.
Arvustused
'This book represents perhaps the most exhaustive coverage of the topic of prosocial behaviour within any single text. I shall recommend it highly to students and colleagues alike.' - Tom Farsides, School of Social Science, University of Sussex
'This is a timely book for the interested scholar who wishes to access an overview of prosocial behaviour.' - Gustavo Carlo, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Introduction.Part 1.Prosocial Behaviour and Social Life 1.Issues of
Definition
2. Forms of Prosocial Behaviour. The Special Case of Planned
Helping
3. How Helpful Are Human Beings? Helpfulness in Nonserious
Situations. Intervention in Emergency Situations
4. Culture, the Individual,
and Level of Helpfulness. Gender Differences. Urban-rural Comparisons. Time
Effects. Social Status
5. Human Nature vs. Cultural Context. The Biological
Perspective. The Cultural Context
6. Measurement and Generality of Prosocial
Behaviour in Children. How is Prosocial Behaviour Measured in Children?
Generality of Prosocial Behaviour. Part 2.Learning and Development
7. How
does Prosocial Behaviour Develop? Prosocial Behaviour in the Second Year of
Life. Age Trends in Prosocial Orientation: 4-20 years. Beyond Adolescence
8.
Learning of Prosocial Behaviour. Prosocial Modelling. Social Reinforcement.
The Role of Reasoning in Moral Internalisation. Altruistic Self-scheme. Part
3.Processes of Prosocial Behaviour
9. Empathy. Modes of Empathy Arousal.
Self-other Differentiation and the Development of Empathy. Measurement of
Empathy. Empathic Accuracy
10. Guilt. Empathy-based Guilt. Guilt in Social
Life. Shame vs. Guilt. Measures of Guilt. Guilt and Mental Health.
Transgression, Guilt, and Reparation. Survivor Guilt. Guilt over Affluence
11. Responsibility. The Meaning of Responsibility: Voluntariness and
Controllability. The Origin of Social Responsibility. Responsibility and
Social Conduct. Definitions and Research Traditions. Environmental
Responsibility. Responsibility as a Predictor of Prosocial Behaviour. Two
Dimensions of Social Responsibility. Denial of Responsibility. Part
4.Theories of Prosocial Behaviour
12. Arousal: Cost-reward Model of
Intervention. Costs of Helping and Costs of not Helping. Prediction of
Intervention. Impulsive Helping. The Revised Theory
13. Altruistic Motive
System. Perspective Taking, Empathic Concern, and Prosocial Behaviour. Basic
Research on the Empathy-altruism Hypothesis. Further Tests of the
Empathy-altruism Hypothesis
14. Empathy-related Responding and Emotional
Regulation. Multimethod Approach. Theoretical Advancement
15. Social
Inhibition of Bystander Intervention. The Decision-making Process: From
Bystander to Actor. Social Inhibition: When the Situation is Difficult to
Handle. Appendix: Calculation of Corrected Probabilities of Intervention of
Groups and Individuals
16. Altruistic Personality. Rescuers of Jews. Further
Results on the Altruistic Personality
17. Psychology of Seeking and Receiving
Help. Receiving Help: A Benefit not Without Risks. Seeking Help: Successful
Coping may have a Price. Which Factors Influence the Reactions of
Help-recipients? Part 5.Applications
18. Raising the Level of First-aid in
Real Life. The Key Roles of Responsibility and Competence. Determinants of
Subjective Competence
19. Solidarity. Theory of Solidarity. What is
Solidarity? Different Uses of the Term Solidarity. Common Interests.
Solidarity on the Basis of Interests of Others. Conclusions
20. Voluntary
Work Engagement in Organisations. Self-responsible Organisational Behaviour.
Organisational Citizenship Behaviour. Prosocial Organisational Behaviour.
Organisational Spontaneity: Mood and Group Atmosphere as Predictors of
Prosocial Behaviour. Comparison between OCB, POB, and OS
21. Volunteerism.
Functional Approach to Volunteerism. Motives of Volunteers. Role-identity
Model. Altruistic Personality, Motives of Volunteers, and Religious
Orientation. Conclusions. Postscript. The Community as the Unit of Analysis.
Sociobiological Perspective and Socialisation Processes. Situational vs
Dispositional Explanations. Altruism vs Egoism. What Comes Next?
Hans-Werner Bierhoff is a Professor of Psychology at Ruhr-University Bochum.
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