| Acknowledgements |
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vii | |
| A Note on URLs |
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viii | |
| A Note on Case Citations |
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viii | |
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List of Journal Abbreviations |
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xiii | |
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xv | |
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xix | |
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1 The Power of Image: Introducing Publicity Rights |
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1 | (8) |
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1 | (1) |
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II Tracing the Development of Publicity Practice |
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2 | (3) |
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III The Scope of this Project |
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5 | (4) |
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Part I Understanding Publicity: Theory and Practice |
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9 | (74) |
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2 The Theory of Image and Publicity Rights |
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11 | (19) |
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11 | (1) |
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II The `Publicity as Property' Approach |
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12 | (4) |
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III Publicity as a Subset of Personality Rights |
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16 | (3) |
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IV Appropriation of Personality |
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19 | (6) |
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A Appropriation of Personality |
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19 | (3) |
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B Character Merchandising |
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22 | (3) |
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V A Fourth Way. Privacy and Publicity |
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25 | (2) |
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VI Cross-Overs and Conclusions |
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27 | (3) |
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3 The Exploitation of Image and Publicity |
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30 | (30) |
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30 | (2) |
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II The Dual Classification Part 1: The Use Approach |
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32 | (12) |
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A Examining Publicity Uses |
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32 | (3) |
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B The Tripartite Classification of Uses |
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35 | (4) |
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C The Paradigm Publicity Use Cases |
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39 | (3) |
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D Authorised and Unauthorised Use |
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42 | (2) |
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III The Dual Classification Part 2: The Subject Matter Approach |
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44 | (9) |
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A Identifying the Subject Matter |
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44 | (4) |
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B The Underlying Element: Reputation |
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48 | (5) |
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IV Analysis of Contracts for Publicity Exploitation |
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53 | (5) |
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58 | (2) |
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4 Privacy as a Basis for Protecting Publicity Rights |
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60 | (23) |
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60 | (1) |
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II The Right to Privacy in the UK |
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61 | (11) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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C A Reasonable Expectation of Privacy |
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64 | (5) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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III Publicity as a Privacy Right |
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72 | (9) |
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72 | (1) |
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B The Need for a Confidential Relationship or a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy |
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73 | (1) |
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C Private Information: Invasion versus Dissemination |
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73 | (2) |
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D Defences to Privacy Infringements |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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i Waiving the Right to Privacy |
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76 | (2) |
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F Exploiting Publicity by Licensing a Privacy Right: Douglas v Hello! |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (2) |
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Part II Justifying Publicity Rights |
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83 | (70) |
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5 Justifying Publicity Rights: Setting the Scene |
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85 | (17) |
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85 | (2) |
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II Benefits and Harms: Identifying the Interests at Stake |
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87 | (9) |
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A The Dual Interests in Publicity Literature |
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88 | (4) |
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B The Dual Interests in Publicity Practice |
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92 | (2) |
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C The Economic and Dignitarian Interests in Other Areas of Law |
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94 | (1) |
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D Dignitarian and Economic Interests: Mutually Exclusive or Mutually Compatible? |
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95 | (1) |
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III Accepting Three Rebuttals of Publicity Rights |
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96 | (6) |
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6 Order, Autonomy and Efficiency: Justifying a Right of Publicity |
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102 | (32) |
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I Advancing Justifications for Publicity Rights |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (4) |
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III The Dignitarian Rationale for Publicity |
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107 | (12) |
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107 | (2) |
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B The Significance of Image for Autonomy |
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109 | (1) |
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C Autonomy and Dignity in the Context of Publicity |
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110 | (2) |
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D Denial of Autonomy and Dignity in Publicity |
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112 | (4) |
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E Autonomy and Dignity in the Economic Interest |
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116 | (1) |
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F Waiver of Autonomy and Dignity in Persona? |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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IV The Economic Rationale for Publicity |
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119 | (8) |
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119 | (1) |
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B Identifying the Social Asset |
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120 | (1) |
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C Over-Consumption of Persona Leading to Tragedy? |
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121 | (3) |
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D Allowing Net Positive Externalities |
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124 | (1) |
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E Maximising Efficiency through a Balance of Rights |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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V Two Further Objections Considered |
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127 | (4) |
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A The Argument from Free-Riding |
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127 | (2) |
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B The Argument from Wealth Distribution |
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129 | (2) |
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VI The Alternative Question |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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7 The Competing Interests |
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134 | (8) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (4) |
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III Creative and Communicative Use |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
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8 The Nature of Publicity Rights |
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142 | (11) |
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142 | (1) |
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II Identifying the Individual |
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142 | (3) |
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III Inalienability and the Property Status of Publicity |
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145 | (2) |
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IV Publicity as a Monopoly |
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147 | (3) |
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V The Likelihood of Legislation |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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Part III Shaping Publicity Rights |
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153 | (46) |
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9 The Scope of Publicity Rights: Formation, Duration and Transfer |
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155 | (16) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (4) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (7) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (5) |
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IV Transmission and Transferability |
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167 | (4) |
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A Transfer of the Right in Life: Assignation and Licensing |
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168 | (2) |
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B Transmission of the Right Post Mortem |
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170 | (1) |
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10 The Permitted Uses of Persona |
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171 | (11) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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III Freedom of Expression |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (4) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (2) |
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VIII Other Possible Permitted Uses |
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180 | (2) |
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11 Remedies for Breach of Publicity Rights |
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182 | (14) |
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182 | (1) |
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II Preventing Unauthorised Use |
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182 | (2) |
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III Redressing Unauthorised Use: Damages |
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184 | (9) |
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184 | (1) |
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B The Notional Licence Fee |
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185 | (5) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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E The Calculation of the Award |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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V Remedies for Authorised Users |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (3) |
| Appendix 1 |
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199 | (1) |
| Bibliography |
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200 | (15) |
| Index |
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215 | |