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xix | |
| Preface |
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xxiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to macrophages |
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3 | (10) |
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1.1 Macrophage and immunity; exploration of macrophage in immune system |
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3 | (4) |
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1.1.1 Phagocytosis of macrophages |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Macrophages and their roles in innate immunity |
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4 | (2) |
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1.1.3 Macrophages and their roles in adaptive immunity |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2 Macrophages are versatile and plastic cells; diverse roles of macrophages |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3 Origin of macrophages; hematopoiesis and their location in the body |
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8 | (2) |
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1.4 Activation and polarization of macrophages; M1/M2 polarization |
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10 | (3) |
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10 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Basic biology of macrophages |
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13 | (16) |
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13 | (1) |
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2.2 Origin and development of macrophages |
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14 | (3) |
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2.3 Differentiation of macrophages |
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17 | (1) |
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2.4 Activation and polarization of macrophages |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (8) |
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22 | (7) |
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SECTION II Inflammation processes |
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Chapter 3 Overview of inflammation |
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29 | (24) |
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3.1 Introduction to inflammation |
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29 | (1) |
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3.2 Causes of inflammation |
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30 | (1) |
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3.3 Morphological patterns of inflammation |
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31 | (1) |
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3.3.1 Granulomatous inflammation |
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31 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Purulent inflammation |
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31 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Fibrinous inflammation |
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31 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Serous inflammation |
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32 | (1) |
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3.4 Mechanism of inflammation |
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32 | (1) |
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3.5 Mediators of inflammation |
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33 | (1) |
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3.6 Cell-derived mediators |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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3.7 Archidonic acid metabolites |
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34 | (5) |
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34 | (5) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.7.4 Platelet activation factors |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.8.3 Tumor necrosis factor-a |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.10 Plasma protein-derived mediators |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.12 Factor XII (Hageman) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.12.3 High-molecular-weight kininogen |
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42 | (1) |
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3.12.4 Low-molecular-weight kininogen |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.13 Antiinflammatory agents |
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42 | (1) |
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3.14 Cancer and inflammation |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (9) |
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45 | (8) |
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Chapter 4 The role of macrophages in inflammation |
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53 | (20) |
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53 | (1) |
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4.2 Development of macrophages |
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54 | (1) |
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4.3 Role of macrophages in inflammation |
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54 | (11) |
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4.3.1 Macrophages imparting in inflammation |
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55 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Macrophage to eliminate the cell death/debris and clearance in inflammation |
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55 | (1) |
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4.3.3 A main mediator of macrophage in Inflammation: Interferon-γ |
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56 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Negative regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways with macrophages |
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57 | (5) |
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4.3.5 The role of macrophages in inflammation based on mathematical approaches |
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62 | (1) |
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4.3.6 Endogenous molecules released by the macrophage in the regulation of inflammation |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (8) |
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65 | (8) |
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Chapter 5 Molecular signaling of inflammatory responses in macrophages |
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73 | (26) |
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73 | (1) |
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5.2 Molecular signaling of priming in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses |
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74 | (7) |
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5.2.1 Structure of TLRs responsible for priming step of inflammatory responses |
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74 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Activating ligands of TLRs |
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76 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Molecular signaling of TLR-activated inflammatory responses |
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78 | (3) |
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5.3 Molecular signaling of triggering in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses |
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81 | (9) |
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5.3.1 Structure of PRRs responsible for triggering step of inflammatory responses |
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82 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Activating ligands and inflammasome structure |
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84 | (3) |
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5.3.3 Molecular signaling of inflammasome-activated inflammatory responses |
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87 | (3) |
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5.4 Summary and perspectives |
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90 | (9) |
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91 | (8) |
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Chapter 6 Biomaterials modulate macrophage polarization and inflammatory responses |
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99 | (14) |
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99 | (1) |
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6.2 Nanoparticle and macrophages |
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100 | (3) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Surface modification |
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102 | (1) |
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6.3 Nanofiber and macrophages |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Diameter and pore size |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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6.4 Hydrogel and macrophages |
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104 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (7) |
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107 | (6) |
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SECTION III Role of macrophages in systemic inflammation |
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Chapter 7 Role of macrophages in tumor development |
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113 | (52) |
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113 | (1) |
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7.2 Origin and recruitment of TAMs |
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114 | (1) |
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7.3 Differentiation and polarization of TAMs |
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114 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Ml macrophage polarization |
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116 | (1) |
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7.3.2 M2 macrophage polarization |
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117 | (2) |
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7.4 Derivatives of TAM proteins |
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119 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (4) |
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7.5.1 TAMs progress tumor growth |
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121 | (1) |
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7.5.2 TAMs promote metastasis |
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122 | (1) |
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7.5.3 TAMs participate in immunosuppression |
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122 | (1) |
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7.5.4 TAMs promote angiogenesis |
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123 | (1) |
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7.5.5 TAMs promote lymphangiogenesis |
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123 | (2) |
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7.6 Mechanisms of TAMs in tumor development |
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125 | (4) |
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7.6.1 Protumoral mechanisms of TAMs |
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125 | (3) |
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7.6.2 Metastasis mechanisms of TAMs |
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128 | (1) |
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7.7 Relationship between TAMs and tumor cells via paracrine signaling networks |
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129 | (1) |
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7.8 TAMs as potential diagnostic biomarkers for cancer |
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130 | (1) |
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7.9 TAMs as problem and prospect for cancer therapy |
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130 | (14) |
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7.9.1 Interaction of TAMs with ICB therapy |
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130 | (1) |
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7.9.2 Interaction of TAMs with chemotherapy |
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131 | (1) |
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7.9.3 Interaction of TAMs with antiangiogenic therapy |
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132 | (1) |
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7.9.4 Interaction of TAMs with radiotherapy |
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132 | (1) |
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7.9.5 TAM targeted strategies for cancer therapy |
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133 | (11) |
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7.10 TAMs as cancer prognostic biomarkers |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (21) |
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145 | (20) |
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Chapter 8 Macrophages and their antitumor activity |
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165 | (20) |
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165 | (1) |
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8.2 Macrophages in tumors |
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166 | (3) |
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8.2.1 Classification of macrophage in tumors |
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166 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Polarization of macrophage in tumors |
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167 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Functions of macrophage in tumors |
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168 | (1) |
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8.3 Macrophage-targeted cancer therapeutics |
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169 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Strategies to eliminate TAMs |
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170 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Strategies to reprogram TAM polarization from M2 to M1 |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (13) |
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174 | (11) |
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Chapter 9 Microglia and macrophages in central nervous systems |
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185 | (24) |
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185 | (1) |
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9.2 Microglia and macrophages in healthy CNS |
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186 | (4) |
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9.2.1 Mononuclear phagocyte system and macrophages |
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186 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Microglia and macrophage origin |
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186 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Genetic signatures for microglia and macrophages |
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187 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Microglial and macrophagic activation and roles in development |
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187 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Microglial and macrophagic activation and roles in the adult |
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188 | (1) |
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9.2.6 Physiological regulation of neurogenesis by microglia |
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188 | (1) |
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9.2.7 Epigenetic regulation in adult neurogenesis |
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189 | (1) |
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9.3 Microglia and macrophages in pathological CNS |
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190 | (8) |
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9.3.1 Blood-brain barrier |
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190 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Phenotypes of microglia and macrophages |
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191 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Microglia and macrophages in CNS disease |
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191 | (7) |
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9.4 Therapeutic approaches targeting macrophages and microglia in pathological CNS |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (10) |
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200 | (9) |
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Chapter 10 Adipose tissue |
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209 | (20) |
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209 | (2) |
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10.2 Association between adipocytes and macrophages |
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211 | (1) |
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10.2.1 Similarities between the origin of adipocytes and macrophages |
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211 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Possibility of conversion from adipocytes to macrophages |
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211 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Study on the origin of macrophages infiltrating adipose tissue |
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211 | (1) |
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10.3 Inflammation and related diseases in adipose |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Adipose tissue inflammation |
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212 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Adipose tissue inflammation and related diseases |
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212 | (1) |
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10.4 Pathology of NASH, NAFLD, and therapeutic targets |
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213 | (7) |
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10.4.1 The pathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
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214 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Therapeutic targets for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
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215 | (5) |
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220 | (9) |
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220 | (9) |
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Chapter 11 Heart and circulatory system |
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229 | (26) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (3) |
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11.3 Structure of the heart |
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232 | (2) |
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11.3.1 Chambers of the heart |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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11.4 Physiology of the heart |
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234 | (3) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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11.5 Physiology of fluid movement |
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237 | (5) |
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239 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Pulse and blood pressure |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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11.5.4 Circulatory pathways |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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11.5.7 Major systemic arteries |
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240 | (1) |
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11.5.8 Major systemic veins |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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11.6 Problems of the heart and circulatory system |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (5) |
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11.7.1 Components of the lymphatic system |
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244 | (4) |
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248 | (4) |
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11.8.1 Function of cardiac macrophages |
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249 | (2) |
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11.8.2 Cardiac immune response |
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251 | (1) |
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11.8.3 Prospects for cardiac macrophages |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Macrophage and cardiovascular diseases |
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255 | (10) |
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12.1 Macrophage and cardiovascular disease |
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255 | (1) |
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12.2 Macrophage classification |
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255 | (1) |
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12.3 Macrophage and atherosclerosis |
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255 | (1) |
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12.3.1 Role of macrophages in early atherosclerosis |
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256 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Role of macrophages in the progression of atherosclerosis |
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256 | (1) |
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12.3.3 The role of macrophages in the late stage of atherosclerosis |
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256 | (1) |
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12.4 Macrophage and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion |
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256 | (1) |
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12.4.1 Role of macrophages in early stage of myocardial ischemia |
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257 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Role of macrophages in late stage of myocardial ischemia |
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257 | (1) |
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12.5 Macrophage and diabetes mellitus |
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257 | (3) |
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12.5.1 Macrophage and diabetes mellitus |
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257 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Macrophage and diabetic nephropathy |
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258 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Macrophage and diabetic retinopathy |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (5) |
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260 | (5) |
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Chapter 13 Atherosclerosis |
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265 | (12) |
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265 | (1) |
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13.2 Atherosclerosis and low-density lipoprotein |
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266 | (1) |
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13.3 Atherosclerosis involves the activation of inflammatory cascades |
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266 | (2) |
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13.4 Atherosclerosis, platelet aggregation, thrombosis and cardiovascular-related diseases |
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268 | (2) |
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13.5 Upcoming trends of platelet activation and thrombosis |
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270 | (1) |
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13.6 Paraclinical and clinical studies of atherosclerosis and macrophage regulation |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (5) |
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272 | (5) |
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Chapter 14 The pathophysiological role of macrophages in colitis and their treatment |
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277 | (22) |
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277 | (1) |
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14.2 Functional roles and mechanisms of macrophage in the pathophysiology of colitis |
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278 | (3) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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14.2.4 Activator protein 1 |
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280 | (1) |
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14.2.5 Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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14.2.7 Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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14.3 Treatment of colitis targeting macrophage |
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281 | (8) |
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14.3.1 Inhibitors targeting on inflammatory responses |
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281 | (3) |
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14.3.2 Inhibitors targeting on the oxidative stress signaling pathway |
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284 | (1) |
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14.3.3 Inhibitors targeting inflammasomes |
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285 | (1) |
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14.3.4 Functionalized nanoparticles |
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286 | (1) |
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14.3.5 Nucleotide-mediated immunotherapy |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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14.4.2 Salicylate mesalazine |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (8) |
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291 | (8) |
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Chapter 15 Macrophages in respiratory system |
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299 | (36) |
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299 | (2) |
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15.2 Types of respiratory tract macrophages |
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301 | (4) |
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15.2.1 Alveolar macrophages |
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301 | (2) |
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15.2.2 Interstitial macrophages |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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15.2.5 Intravascular macrophages |
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305 | (1) |
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15.3 Origin of respiratory tract macrophages |
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305 | (2) |
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15.3.1 Origin of lung macrophages under steady state |
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306 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Origin of lung macrophages during inflammation and stress |
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307 | (1) |
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15.4 Innate and acquired immunity by macrophages in respiratory tract |
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307 | (1) |
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15.5 Macrophage against bacteria |
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308 | (2) |
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15.5.1 Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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308 | (1) |
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15.5.2 Staphylococcus aureus |
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308 | (1) |
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15.5.3 Klebsiella pneumonia |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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15.6 Macrophage against viruses |
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310 | (3) |
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15.6.1 Respiratory syncytial virus |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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15.6.5 Human immunodeficiency virus |
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313 | (1) |
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15.7 Macrophages against fungi |
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313 | (1) |
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15.8 Macrophage responses to inhaled particulate matter |
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314 | (1) |
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15.9 Macrophage responses to particle size and chemical composition |
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314 | (1) |
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15.10 Macrophage responses to other ambient chemicals |
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315 | (1) |
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15.11 Macrophages in tissue damage control |
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316 | (1) |
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15.12 Macrophage dysfunction in respiratory diseases |
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317 | (18) |
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15.12.1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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15.12.4 Fibrotic lung disease |
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319 | (1) |
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15.12.5 Other reasons for macrophages defects |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (15) |
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Chapter 16 Role of macrophages in systemic inflammation: wound healing |
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335 | (26) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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16.3 Sequence of events in wound healing |
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336 | (2) |
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16.3.1 Initial phase (hemostasis) |
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336 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Second phase (inflammation) |
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337 | (1) |
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16.3.3 Third phase---granulation/proliferation |
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338 | (1) |
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16.3.4 Fourth phase---remodeling/maturation |
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338 | (1) |
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16.4 Factor affecting wound healing |
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338 | (2) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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16.5 Myeloid lineage cells during different stages of skin healing |
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340 | (6) |
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340 | (5) |
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345 | (1) |
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16.6 Role of macrophages in wound healing |
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346 | (1) |
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16.7 Classification of macrophage |
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347 | (2) |
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16.8 Macrophage phenotype markers: a mystery between in vitro and in vivo models |
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349 | (1) |
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16.9 Macrophage dysregulation and chronic wound |
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350 | (3) |
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16.10 The use of macrophages in clinical practices |
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353 | (1) |
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16.11 Macrophage therapy in preclinical studies |
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353 | (1) |
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16.12 Recent clinical research of macrophage therapy |
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353 | (1) |
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16.13 The potential advantages and disadvantages of macrophage therapy in current research and their implications for the future |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (6) |
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355 | (6) |
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Chapter 17 Kupffer cells and liver |
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361 | (36) |
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361 | (1) |
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17.2 The origin and polarization of KCs |
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362 | (1) |
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17.3 The activation mechanisms of KCs |
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363 | (1) |
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17.4 Role of KCs in the pathogenesis of liver diseases |
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363 | (4) |
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17.4.1 The role of KCs in hepatic injury |
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363 | (3) |
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17.4.2 The role of KCs in liver fibrosis |
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366 | (1) |
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17.5 The role of KCs in liver diseases |
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367 | (8) |
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17.5.1 The role of KCs in liver infections |
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367 | (8) |
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17.6 KCs in fatty liver disease |
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375 | (1) |
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17.7 KCs in liver-ischemia-reperfusion injury |
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376 | (1) |
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17.8 KCs in liver transplantation immunology |
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377 | (1) |
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17.9 KCs in liver cancer and metastases |
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378 | (2) |
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17.10 KCs-neutrophil interaction in host defense, immune tolerance and liver regeneration |
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380 | (2) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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17.10.3 Liver regeneration |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (15) |
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382 | (15) |
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Chapter 18 The role of macrophages in tuberculosis |
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397 | (22) |
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18.1 Tuberculosis: a global burden |
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397 | (1) |
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18.2 Historical perspective of tuberculosis |
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397 | (1) |
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18.3 Tuberculosis chemotherapy and vaccination |
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398 | (1) |
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18.4 Macrophages (MΦs) heterogeneity and plasticity |
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399 | (1) |
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18.4.1 The alveolar macrophages |
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399 | (1) |
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18.5 Entry of Mtb and strategies to survive |
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400 | (4) |
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18.5.1 The first encounter of Mtb and MΦs |
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400 | (1) |
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18.5.2 Ecology Mtb in the phagosome |
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400 | (1) |
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18.5.3 The exit of Mtb from the phagosome |
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401 | (1) |
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18.5.4 Phagosome maturation and Mtb |
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401 | (2) |
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18.5.5 Mtb evades autophagy and manipulates the inflammasome |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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18.6 MΦs artillery and strategies |
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404 | (1) |
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18.6.1 MΦs and Mtb granuloma |
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404 | (1) |
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18.6.2 MΦs recognition of Mtb |
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405 | (1) |
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18.6.3 The proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine response |
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405 | (1) |
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18.6.4 Chronic inflammatory response and MΦs |
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (3) |
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18.7.1 MΦs initiation and Mtb strains |
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405 | (2) |
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18.7.2 Variation of the Mtb cell envelope and MΦs |
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407 | (1) |
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18.8 Summary of strategies of Mtb and the host |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (11) |
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408 | (11) |
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Chapter 19 The roles of macrophages in mediating the homeostatic process |
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419 | (28) |
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419 | (4) |
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19.1.1 Key concepts of homeostasis and inflammation |
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420 | (1) |
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19.1.2 Relationship between homeostasis and inflammation in disease susceptibility |
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420 | (2) |
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19.1.3 Role of macrophages in the maintenance of the homeostatic process |
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422 | (1) |
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19.2 The roles of macrophages in tissue-specific homeostasis |
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423 | (12) |
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19.2.1 Macrophages in lung homeostasis |
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423 | (4) |
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19.2.2 Macrophages in cardiovascular tissue homeostasis |
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|
427 | (2) |
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19.2.3 Macrophages in central nervous system homeostasis |
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429 | (2) |
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19.2.4 Macrophages in colon and intestinal/gut tissue homeostasis |
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431 | (2) |
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19.2.5 Macrophage polarization in homeostasis and cancer development |
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|
433 | (2) |
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19.3 Epigenetic determinants of macrophage regulation in tissue/host-defense homeostasis |
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|
435 | (2) |
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19.4 Conclusion and future perspective |
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|
437 | (10) |
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438 | (9) |
| Index |
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447 | |