| Preface |
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xix | |
| Acknowledgement |
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xxiii | |
| List of Contributors |
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xxv | |
| List of Figures |
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xxix | |
| List of Tables |
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xxxv | |
| List of Abbreviations |
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xxxvii | |
| 1 Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology: State of Art, New Challenges and Opportunities |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Tissue Engineering and Nanoscaffolding and Wound Healing |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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1.4 Commercial Significance and Current Challenges |
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7 | (5) |
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12 | (7) |
| 2 Novel Approaches to Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology |
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19 | (38) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (4) |
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2.3 History of Nanomedicine |
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25 | (5) |
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2.3.1 Present Facing Challenges; Translation of Nanotechnology to Nanomedicine |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4 Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy |
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30 | (7) |
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30 | (1) |
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2.4.2 The Solid Lipid Nanoparticles |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Treatment |
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33 | (1) |
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2.4.4.1 Single-walled carbon nanotubes in the treatment of cancer |
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33 | (1) |
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2.4.4.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the treatment of cancer |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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2.4.6 The Applications of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery |
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35 | (2) |
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2.5 Nanoparticles Anti-Oxidative Role in Diabetes |
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37 | (2) |
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2.5.1 Nanomedicine in Management of Diabetes |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (3) |
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2.6.1 Types of Nanorobots |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Applications of Nanorobots in Medicine |
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40 | (2) |
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2.6.3 Advantages of Nanorobots |
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42 | (1) |
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2.6.4 Disadvantages of Nanorobots |
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42 | (1) |
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2.7 Future Development of Nanomedicine |
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42 | (3) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (11) |
| 3 Chitosan and Its Derivatives as a Potential Nanobiomaterial: Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application |
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57 | (38) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.5 Properties of Chitosan |
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61 | (5) |
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61 | (3) |
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3.5.1.1 Crystalline structure |
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61 | (1) |
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3.5.1.2 Degree of N-Acetylation |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Biological Properties |
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64 | (2) |
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3.5.2.1 Mucoadhesive properties |
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64 | (1) |
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3.5.2.2 Permeation enhancing properties |
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65 | (1) |
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3.5.2.3 Haemostatic activity |
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65 | (1) |
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3.5.2.4 Antimicrobial activity |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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3.6 Extraction of Chitosan |
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66 | (9) |
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3.6.1 Preparation of Chitosan and Water Soluble Chitosan |
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68 | (7) |
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3.6.1.1 Extraction of Chitin from the Beetle |
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69 | (1) |
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3.6.1.2 Extraction of collagen from squid |
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70 | (1) |
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3.6.1.3 Extraction of chitosan from fungi cell wall |
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70 | (3) |
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3.6.1.4 Extraction of Chitin, Chitosan, from Shrimp by biological method |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (4) |
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3.7.1 Carboxymethylchitosan |
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75 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Mono-Carboxymethylated Chitosan |
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75 | (1) |
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3.7.3 N-Succinyl Chitosan |
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76 | (1) |
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3.7.4 N-Acetylated Chitosan |
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76 | (1) |
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3.7.5 N-Trimethyl Chitosan |
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76 | (1) |
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3.7.6 N-Trimethylchitosan Chloride |
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77 | (1) |
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3.7.7 Succinate and Chitosan Phthalate |
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77 | (1) |
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3.7.8 Amphiphilic Chitosan Derivatives |
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78 | (1) |
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3.7.9 Graft-Copolymerization of Chitosan |
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78 | (1) |
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3.7.10 Thiolated Chitosan Conjugate |
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78 | (1) |
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3.7.11 Cyclodextrin (CD)-Chitosan Derivative |
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79 | (1) |
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3.8 Applications of Chitosan as Nanobiomaterial |
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79 | (10) |
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3.8.1 Mucoadhesive Property |
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79 | (3) |
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3.8.2 Permeation Enhancement |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (6) |
| 4 Design and Characterization of Lipid Mediated Nanoparticles Containing an Anti-Psychotic Drug for Enhanced Bio-Availability |
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95 | (26) |
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Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (8) |
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4.2.1 Preformulation Studies |
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96 | (2) |
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4.2.1.1 Solubility studies |
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97 | (1) |
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4.2.1.2 Compatibility study |
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97 | (1) |
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4.2.1.3 Development of calibration curve |
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97 | (1) |
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4.2.1.4 Partition coefficient studies |
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98 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) by Microemulsion Technique |
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98 | (2) |
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4.2.2.1 Optimization of lipid quantity |
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99 | (1) |
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4.2.2.2 Study on the effect of formulation process variables |
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99 | (1) |
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4.2.2.3 Preparation of drug loaded batches |
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100 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles |
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100 | (1) |
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4.2.3.1 Particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index |
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100 | (1) |
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4.2.3.2 Entrapment efficiency and drug loading |
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100 | (1) |
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4.2.3.3 Differential scanning calorimetry |
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101 | (1) |
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4.2.4 In vitro Release Studies |
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101 | (1) |
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4.2.5 In vivo Oral Bioavailability Studies |
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101 | (1) |
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4.2.6 Bioanalytical Method Development and Analysis |
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102 | (2) |
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4.2.6.1 Chromatographic conditions |
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102 | (1) |
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4.2.6.2 Preparation of olanzapine standard stock solution |
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103 | (1) |
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4.2.6.2.1 Standard stock solution of IS (Internal standard) |
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103 | (1) |
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4.2.6.3 Preparation of analytical calibration curve solutions |
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103 | (1) |
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4.2.6.4 Preparation of blank plasma |
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103 | (1) |
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4.2.6.5 Preparation of bio-analytical calibration curve samples |
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103 | (1) |
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4.2.6.6 Preparation of plasma samples |
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103 | (1) |
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4.2.6.7 Method of analysis |
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103 | (1) |
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4.3 Results and Discussion |
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104 | (14) |
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4.3.1 Preformulation Studies |
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104 | (2) |
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4.3.1.1 Solubility studies |
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104 | (1) |
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4.3.1.2 Compatibility Studies |
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104 | (1) |
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4.3.1.3 Development of calibration curve |
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105 | (1) |
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4.3.1.4 Partition coefficient studies |
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105 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Effect of Formulation Process Variables |
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106 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles |
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107 | (5) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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4.3.3.3 Entrapment efficiency and drug loading |
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108 | (2) |
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4.3.3.4 Differential scanning colorimetry |
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110 | (1) |
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4.3.3.5 In vitro release studies |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Bioanalytical Method Development and Analysis |
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112 | (6) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
| 5 Nanogels: The Emerging Carrier in Drug Delivery System |
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121 | (36) |
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122 | (1) |
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5.2 Properties of Nanogels |
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123 | (2) |
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5.2.1 Good Drug Loading Capacity |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Colloidal Stability |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Biocompatibility and Degradability |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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5.2.7 Non-Immunologic Response |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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5.3 Classification of Nanogels |
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125 | (3) |
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125 | (1) |
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5.3.1.1 Non-responsive nanogels |
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125 | (1) |
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5.3.1.2 Stimuli-responsive nanogels |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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5.3.2.1 Physical cross-linked gels |
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126 | (1) |
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5.3.2.2 Liposomes modified nanogels |
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126 | (1) |
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5.3.2.3 Micellar nanogels |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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5.3.2.5 Chemically cross-linked nanogels |
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127 | (1) |
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5.4 Method of Preparation of Nanogel |
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128 | (5) |
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5.4.1 Photolithographic Technique |
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128 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Micro-Moulding Method |
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128 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Bi-Polymers Synthesis Technique |
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129 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Water in Oil (W/O) Heterogeneous Emulsion Method |
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129 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Inverse Mini Emulsion Method |
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129 | (1) |
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5.4.6 Reverse Micellar Method |
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130 | (1) |
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5.4.7 Membrane Emulsification Method |
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130 | (1) |
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5.4.8 Heterogeneous Free Radical Polymerization |
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131 | (2) |
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5.4.8.1 Inverse micro emulsion |
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131 | (1) |
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5.4.8.2 Inverse mini-emulsion polymerization |
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131 | (1) |
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5.4.8.3 Precipitation polymerization |
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132 | (1) |
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5.4.8.4 Dispersion polymerization |
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132 | (1) |
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5.4.8.5 Heterogeneous controlled/living radical polymerization |
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132 | (1) |
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5.4.9 Conversion of Macrogels to Nanogels |
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133 | (1) |
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5.4.10 Chemical Cross-Linking Method |
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133 | (1) |
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5.5 Characterization of Nanogel |
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133 | (4) |
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5.5.1 Morphological Analysis |
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134 | (1) |
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5.5.1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) |
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135 | (1) |
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5.5.1.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Optical Transparency |
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136 | (1) |
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5.5.6 Spectroscopic Analysis |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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5.6 Routes of Administration of Nanogel |
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137 | (5) |
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5.6.1 Parenteral Drug Delivery System |
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138 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Oral Drug Delivery System |
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138 | (2) |
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5.6.3 Transdermal Drug Delivery |
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140 | (1) |
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5.6.4 Ocular Drug Delivery System |
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140 | (1) |
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5.6.5 Pulmonary or Intranasal Drug Delivery System |
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141 | (1) |
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5.7 Application of Nanogels |
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142 | (7) |
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5.7.1 Nano-Sized Drug Delivery System |
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144 | (1) |
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5.7.2 Peptide and Protein Delivery |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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5.7.5 Antiviral Nanogel Delivery |
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146 | (1) |
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5.7.6 Antifungal Nanogel Delivery |
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147 | (1) |
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5.7.7 In Autoimmune Diseases |
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148 | (1) |
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5.7.8 Ophthalmic Delivery |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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5.7.11 Anti-Inflammatory Agent |
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149 | (1) |
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5.8 Disadvantages of Nanogel |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (7) |
| 6 Fe, Co Based Bio-Magnetic Nanoparticles (BMNPs): Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Application |
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157 | (40) |
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Amirsadegh Rezazadeh Nochehdehi |
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158 | (8) |
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6.1.1 Magnetic Properties |
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161 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles |
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162 | (4) |
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6.1.2.1 Iron and iron oxide nanoparticles |
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164 | (1) |
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6.1.2.2 Cobalt-based nanoparticles |
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165 | (1) |
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6.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) |
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166 | (3) |
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6.2.1 Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles (ION) |
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166 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Cobalt-Based (FeCo) Nanoparticles (CBN) |
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168 | (1) |
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6.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Core/Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles (CS-MNPs) |
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169 | (7) |
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6.3.1 Iron Oxide Core/Shell Nanoparticles (IOCSN) |
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169 | (4) |
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6.3.1.1 Fe3O4 @ Ag core/shell nanoparticles |
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169 | (2) |
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6.3.1.2 Fe3O4 @Chitosan core/shell nanoparticles |
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171 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Cobalt-Based Core/Shell Nanoparticles (CBCSN) |
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173 | (3) |
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6.3.2.1 FeCo@C core/shell nanoparticles |
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173 | (2) |
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6.3.2.2 FeCo@PEG core/shell nanoparticles |
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175 | (1) |
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6.4 Biomedical Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) |
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176 | (7) |
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6.4.1 Bioimaging Application of MNPs |
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180 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Controlled Drug Delivery (TDD) Applications of MNPs |
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181 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment via Hyperthermia Method (CDT) Using MNPs |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (12) |
| 7 Comparative Study on Cytotoxic and Bactericidal Effect of Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron Synthesized through Chemical and Biological Methods |
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197 | (22) |
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198 | (8) |
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7.2 Materials and Methods |
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206 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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7.2.2.1 Synthesis of nanoscale Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) by chemical and biological methods |
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206 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Characterization Studies |
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207 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Screening of Bactericidal and Cytotoxic Activity |
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207 | (1) |
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7.3 Results and Discussion |
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208 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Synthesis of Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) by Chemical and Biological Methods |
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208 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Characterization of nZVI Particles |
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208 | (3) |
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7.3.3 Screening of Bactericidal and Cytotoxic Activity |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (6) |
| 8 Simulation Studies of Nanomotors Based on Carbon Nanotubes for Nanodelivery Systems |
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219 | (8) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (3) |
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224 | (1) |
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8.5 Summary and Future Scope |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
| 9 Synthesis and Characterization of Lipid-Conjugated Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Drug Delivery to Human Breast Cancer Cells |
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227 | (22) |
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Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (5) |
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9.2.1 Preformulation Studies |
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228 | (1) |
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9.2.1.1 Solubility studies |
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229 | (1) |
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9.2.1.2 Standard calibration curve |
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229 | (1) |
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9.2.1.3 Compatibility study |
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229 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes |
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229 | (1) |
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9.2.2.1 Study on the effect of formulation process variables |
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230 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Purification, Cutting, and Oxidation of CNTs |
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230 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Particle Size, Zeta Potential, and Polydispersity Index (PDI) |
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231 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Surface Morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) |
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231 | (1) |
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9.2.6 Preparation of CNTs-RH-Folic Acid (CNTs-RH-FA) |
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231 | (1) |
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9.2.7 Characterization of CNT-RH-FA |
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231 | (1) |
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9.2.7.1 Size distribution and zeta potential |
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231 | (1) |
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9.2.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) |
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232 | (1) |
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9.2.9 Determination of Loading Efficiency |
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232 | (1) |
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9.2.10 In Vitro Drug-Release Studies |
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232 | (1) |
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9.2.11 Determination of Mitochondrial Synthesis by MTT Assay |
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233 | (1) |
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9.3 Results and Discussion |
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233 | (13) |
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9.3.1 Preformulation Studies |
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233 | (4) |
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9.3.1.1 Solubility studies |
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233 | (1) |
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9.3.1.2 Development of calibration curve |
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234 | (1) |
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9.3.1.3 Crystallinity study by using DSC |
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234 | (1) |
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9.3.1.4 Compatibility studies using FT-IR |
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234 | (3) |
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9.3.2 Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes |
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237 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Particle Size Distribution and Zeta Potential |
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239 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) |
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240 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Drug Loading Efficiency |
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240 | (1) |
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9.3.6 In Vitro Drug-Release Studies |
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241 | (3) |
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9.3.7 In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
| 10 Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Potent Antimicrobial Efficacy |
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249 | (40) |
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250 | (3) |
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10.1.1 Advantages of Phytosynthesis |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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10.2 Phytosynthesis of AgNPs |
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253 | (7) |
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10.2.1 Extracellular Synthesis of AgNPs Using Plant Extracts: A Few Case Studies |
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254 | (3) |
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10.2.2 Effect of Environment Parameters Influencing Phytosynthesis |
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257 | (3) |
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10.3 Probable Mechanism for AgNP Formation |
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260 | (1) |
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10.4 Importance of Antibacterial Activity of Phytosynthesized AgNPs |
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261 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Antibacterial Activity of Phytosynthesized AgNPs: Case Studies |
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263 | (3) |
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10.5 Mechanism of Action of AgNPs |
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266 | (4) |
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10.5.1 Different Postulates of Mechanism of AgNPs Toxicity to Bacteria |
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266 | (4) |
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10.6 Antibacterial Applications of AgNPs |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (16) |
| 11 Recreation of Turmeric Matrix with Enhanced Curcuminoids- Enhances the Bioavailability and Bioefficacy |
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289 | (26) |
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290 | (1) |
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11.2 Discovery of Curcumin |
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290 | (1) |
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11.3 Isolation of Curcumin |
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291 | (1) |
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11.4 Physical, Chemical, and Molecular Properties of Curcuminoids |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (3) |
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11.5.1 Preparation Method of Cureit™ |
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294 | (2) |
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11.5.2 Analytical Method for Analysis of Plasma Curcumin Level in Cureit™ and Standard Curcumin |
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296 | (1) |
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11.5.3 Statistical Analysis |
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296 | (1) |
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11.6 Results and Discussion |
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297 | (8) |
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11.6.1 Chemical Analysis of Cureit™ |
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297 | (1) |
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11.6.2 Characterization of Cureit™ |
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297 | (8) |
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11.6.2.1 NMR studies of cureit™ |
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297 | (2) |
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11.6.2.2 FT-IR studies of cureit™ |
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299 | (3) |
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11.6.2.3 XRD studies of cureit™ |
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302 | (1) |
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11.6.2.4 TGA/DTA studies of cureit™ |
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303 | (1) |
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11.6.2.5 SEM analysis of cureit™ |
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303 | (1) |
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11.6.2.6 I-V studies of cureit™ |
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304 | (1) |
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11.7 Bioavailability and Bioefficacy Studies of Cureit™ |
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305 | (2) |
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11.7.1 Comparative Oral Bioavailability Study of Cureit™ with Standard Curcumin |
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305 | (2) |
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11.7.2 Recent Studies on the Cureit™ |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (7) |
| 12 The Good Tooth, The Bad Influence of Aciduric Germs and The Ugly Stench of Decay |
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315 | (28) |
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12.1 The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly Microbe - Streptococcus Mutans |
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316 | (17) |
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317 | (4) |
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12.1.1.1 Streptococcus mutans: Isolation and identification |
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317 | (3) |
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12.1.1.2 Habitat and nature of source |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Dangerous Etiology or a Farce |
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321 | (24) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (5) |
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12.1.2.4 Transmissibility |
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328 | (4) |
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332 | (1) |
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12.2 Other Organisms Associated with Caries |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (8) |
| 13 Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Cardiovascular Diseases, Tissue Engineering, and Wound Healing |
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343 | (22) |
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343 | (2) |
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13.2 Therapeutic Angiogenesis: Concept, Approaches, and Applications |
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345 | (6) |
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347 | (3) |
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13.2.1.1 Direct VEGF administration |
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347 | (1) |
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13.2.1.2 Cell-based therapy |
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347 | (1) |
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13.2.1.3 Regulation at genomic/molecular level |
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348 | (1) |
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13.2.1.4 Hypoxia-induced angiogenesis |
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348 | (2) |
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13.2.2 Applications of Therapeutic Angiogenesis |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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13.2.2.2 Bone development |
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350 | (1) |
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13.2.2.3 Cardiac diseases |
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351 | (1) |
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13.3 Growth Factors Needed for Angiogenesis |
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351 | (2) |
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13.3.1 Fibroblast Growth Factor |
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351 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor |
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352 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor |
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352 | (1) |
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13.4 Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Angiogenesis |
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353 | (1) |
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13.5 Metal Nanoparticle-Based Angiogenesis |
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354 | (1) |
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13.6 Stimulating Angiogenesis in Scaffolds by Therapeutic Angiogenesis |
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355 | (2) |
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13.7 Challenges and Risks |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (7) |
| 14 Toxicity of Nanomaterials Used in Nanomedicine |
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365 | (20) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (1) |
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14.3 Nanomaterials Used for Nanomedicine |
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368 | (2) |
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14.4 Toxicokinetics of Nanoparticles |
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370 | (2) |
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14.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles |
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372 | (6) |
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14.6 Effect of Nanoparticles in Some Aquatic Organisms |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (5) |
| Index |
|
385 | (2) |
| About the Editors |
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387 | |