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E-raamat: Recent Trends in Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering

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Recent Trends in Nanomedicine and Tissue EngineeringSuurem pilt
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Recent trends in Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering covers numerous recent technological and research accomplishments in the area of Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering. The introduction of nanomaterials and nanotechnology have led to crucial advancements in the fields of nanomedicine and tissue engineering, as well as cancer therapies and drug delivery systems.The book follows recent trends in drug delivery systems, wound healing fields, cancer therapies, protection of teeth and also other health care systems.Technical topics discussed in the book include: Nanorobots Tissue engineering Gene therapy Drug delivery Nanomotors Nanogels.
Preface xix
Acknowledgement xxiii
List of Contributors xxv
List of Figures xxix
List of Tables xxxv
List of Abbreviations xxxvii
1 Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology: State of Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1(18)
Jince Thomas
Jiji Abraham
Sabu Thomas
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Scope
2(2)
1.2.1 Drug Delivery
2(1)
1.2.2 Tissue Engineering and Nanoscaffolding and Wound Healing
3(1)
1.2.3 Diagnostics
4(1)
1.3 History
4(3)
1.4 Commercial Significance and Current Challenges
7(5)
References
12(7)
2 Novel Approaches to Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology 19(38)
Apparao Gudimalla
Raghvendra K. Mishra
Prerna Arora
2.1 Introduction
19(2)
2.2 Nanomedicine
21(4)
2.3 History of Nanomedicine
25(5)
2.3.1 Present Facing Challenges; Translation of Nanotechnology to Nanomedicine
29(1)
2.4 Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
30(7)
2.4.1 Liposomes
30(1)
2.4.2 The Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
31(1)
2.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes
32(1)
2.4.4 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Treatment
33(1)
2.4.4.1 Single-walled carbon nanotubes in the treatment of cancer
33(1)
2.4.4.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the treatment of cancer
34(1)
2.4.5 Drug Delivery
34(1)
2.4.6 The Applications of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
35(2)
2.5 Nanoparticles Anti-Oxidative Role in Diabetes
37(2)
2.5.1 Nanomedicine in Management of Diabetes
38(1)
2.6 Nanorobotics
39(3)
2.6.1 Types of Nanorobots
39(1)
2.6.1.1 In surgery
39(1)
2.6.1.2 Drug delivery
40(1)
2.6.1.3 In diagnosis
40(1)
2.6.2 Applications of Nanorobots in Medicine
40(2)
2.6.3 Advantages of Nanorobots
42(1)
2.6.4 Disadvantages of Nanorobots
42(1)
2.7 Future Development of Nanomedicine
42(3)
2.8 Conclusion
45(1)
Acknowledgment
45(1)
References
46(11)
3 Chitosan and Its Derivatives as a Potential Nanobiomaterial: Drug Delivery and Biomedical Application 57(38)
Abhay Raizaday
Hemant K.S. Yadav
Susmitha Kasina
3.1 History
58(1)
3.2 Chemistry
58(2)
3.3 Advantages
60(1)
3.4 Disadvantages
61(1)
3.5 Properties of Chitosan
61(5)
3.5.1 Physicochemical
61(3)
3.5.1.1 Crystalline structure
61(1)
3.5.1.2 Degree of N-Acetylation
62(1)
3.5.1.3 Molecular weight
62(1)
3.5.1.4 Solubility
63(1)
3.5.1.5 Viscosity
63(1)
3.5.2 Biological Properties
64(2)
3.5.2.1 Mucoadhesive properties
64(1)
3.5.2.2 Permeation enhancing properties
65(1)
3.5.2.3 Haemostatic activity
65(1)
3.5.2.4 Antimicrobial activity
65(1)
3.5.2.5 Analgesic effect
66(1)
3.5.2.6 Biodegradability
66(1)
3.6 Extraction of Chitosan
66(9)
3.6.1 Preparation of Chitosan and Water Soluble Chitosan
68(7)
3.6.1.1 Extraction of Chitin from the Beetle
69(1)
3.6.1.2 Extraction of collagen from squid
70(1)
3.6.1.3 Extraction of chitosan from fungi cell wall
70(3)
3.6.1.4 Extraction of Chitin, Chitosan, from Shrimp by biological method
73(2)
3.7 Chitosan Derivatives
75(4)
3.7.1 Carboxymethylchitosan
75(1)
3.7.2 Mono-Carboxymethylated Chitosan
75(1)
3.7.3 N-Succinyl Chitosan
76(1)
3.7.4 N-Acetylated Chitosan
76(1)
3.7.5 N-Trimethyl Chitosan
76(1)
3.7.6 N-Trimethylchitosan Chloride
77(1)
3.7.7 Succinate and Chitosan Phthalate
77(1)
3.7.8 Amphiphilic Chitosan Derivatives
78(1)
3.7.9 Graft-Copolymerization of Chitosan
78(1)
3.7.10 Thiolated Chitosan Conjugate
78(1)
3.7.11 Cyclodextrin (CD)-Chitosan Derivative
79(1)
3.8 Applications of Chitosan as Nanobiomaterial
79(10)
3.8.1 Mucoadhesive Property
79(3)
3.8.2 Permeation Enhancement
82(1)
3.8.3 Wound Healing
83(3)
3.8.4 Gene Delivery
86(2)
3.8.5 Vaccine Delivery
88(1)
3.9 Conclusion
89(1)
References
89(6)
4 Design and Characterization of Lipid Mediated Nanoparticles Containing an Anti-Psychotic Drug for Enhanced Bio-Availability 95(26)
Jawahar Natarajan
Gowtham Reddy Naredla
Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri
4.1 Introduction
96(1)
4.2 Experimental Part
96(8)
4.2.1 Preformulation Studies
96(2)
4.2.1.1 Solubility studies
97(1)
4.2.1.2 Compatibility study
97(1)
4.2.1.3 Development of calibration curve
97(1)
4.2.1.4 Partition coefficient studies
98(1)
4.2.2 Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) by Microemulsion Technique
98(2)
4.2.2.1 Optimization of lipid quantity
99(1)
4.2.2.2 Study on the effect of formulation process variables
99(1)
4.2.2.3 Preparation of drug loaded batches
100(1)
4.2.3 Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
100(1)
4.2.3.1 Particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index
100(1)
4.2.3.2 Entrapment efficiency and drug loading
100(1)
4.2.3.3 Differential scanning calorimetry
101(1)
4.2.4 In vitro Release Studies
101(1)
4.2.5 In vivo Oral Bioavailability Studies
101(1)
4.2.6 Bioanalytical Method Development and Analysis
102(2)
4.2.6.1 Chromatographic conditions
102(1)
4.2.6.2 Preparation of olanzapine standard stock solution
103(1)
4.2.6.2.1 Standard stock solution of IS (Internal standard)
103(1)
4.2.6.3 Preparation of analytical calibration curve solutions
103(1)
4.2.6.4 Preparation of blank plasma
103(1)
4.2.6.5 Preparation of bio-analytical calibration curve samples
103(1)
4.2.6.6 Preparation of plasma samples
103(1)
4.2.6.7 Method of analysis
103(1)
4.3 Results and Discussion
104(14)
4.3.1 Preformulation Studies
104(2)
4.3.1.1 Solubility studies
104(1)
4.3.1.2 Compatibility Studies
104(1)
4.3.1.3 Development of calibration curve
105(1)
4.3.1.4 Partition coefficient studies
105(1)
4.3.2 Effect of Formulation Process Variables
106(1)
4.3.3 Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
107(5)
4.3.3.1 Zeta potential
107(1)
4.3.3.2 Polydispersity
108(1)
4.3.3.3 Entrapment efficiency and drug loading
108(2)
4.3.3.4 Differential scanning colorimetry
110(1)
4.3.3.5 In vitro release studies
110(2)
4.3.3.6 Release kinetics
112(1)
4.3.4 Bioanalytical Method Development and Analysis
112(6)
4.4 Conclusion
118(1)
References
118(3)
5 Nanogels: The Emerging Carrier in Drug Delivery System 121(36)
Prashant Sahu
Samaresh Sau
Arun K. Iyer
Sushil K. Kashaw
5.1 Introduction
122(1)
5.2 Properties of Nanogels
123(2)
5.2.1 Good Drug Loading Capacity
123(1)
5.2.2 Solubility
124(1)
5.2.3 Colloidal Stability
124(1)
5.2.4 Particle Size
124(1)
5.2.5 Biocompatibility and Degradability
124(1)
5.2.6 Electro Mobility
124(1)
5.2.7 Non-Immunologic Response
124(1)
5.2.8 Others
125(1)
5.3 Classification of Nanogels
125(3)
5.3.1 Responsive Type
125(1)
5.3.1.1 Non-responsive nanogels
125(1)
5.3.1.2 Stimuli-responsive nanogels
126(1)
5.3.2 Linkage Type
126(2)
5.3.2.1 Physical cross-linked gels
126(1)
5.3.2.2 Liposomes modified nanogels
126(1)
5.3.2.3 Micellar nanogels
126(1)
5.3.2.4 Hybrid nanogel
127(1)
5.3.2.5 Chemically cross-linked nanogels
127(1)
5.4 Method of Preparation of Nanogel
128(5)
5.4.1 Photolithographic Technique
128(1)
5.4.2 Micro-Moulding Method
128(1)
5.4.3 Bi-Polymers Synthesis Technique
129(1)
5.4.4 Water in Oil (W/O) Heterogeneous Emulsion Method
129(1)
5.4.5 Inverse Mini Emulsion Method
129(1)
5.4.6 Reverse Micellar Method
130(1)
5.4.7 Membrane Emulsification Method
130(1)
5.4.8 Heterogeneous Free Radical Polymerization
131(2)
5.4.8.1 Inverse micro emulsion
131(1)
5.4.8.2 Inverse mini-emulsion polymerization
131(1)
5.4.8.3 Precipitation polymerization
132(1)
5.4.8.4 Dispersion polymerization
132(1)
5.4.8.5 Heterogeneous controlled/living radical polymerization
132(1)
5.4.9 Conversion of Macrogels to Nanogels
133(1)
5.4.10 Chemical Cross-Linking Method
133(1)
5.5 Characterization of Nanogel
133(4)
5.5.1 Morphological Analysis
134(1)
5.5.1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
135(1)
5.5.1.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
135(1)
5.5.2 Size and Shape
135(1)
5.5.3 Viscosity
135(1)
5.5.4 Phase Behaviour
136(1)
5.5.5 Optical Transparency
136(1)
5.5.6 Spectroscopic Analysis
136(1)
5.5.7 pH
137(1)
5.6 Routes of Administration of Nanogel
137(5)
5.6.1 Parenteral Drug Delivery System
138(1)
5.6.2 Oral Drug Delivery System
138(2)
5.6.3 Transdermal Drug Delivery
140(1)
5.6.4 Ocular Drug Delivery System
140(1)
5.6.5 Pulmonary or Intranasal Drug Delivery System
141(1)
5.7 Application of Nanogels
142(7)
5.7.1 Nano-Sized Drug Delivery System
144(1)
5.7.2 Peptide and Protein Delivery
144(1)
5.7.3 Vaccine Delivery
145(1)
5.7.4 Gene Delivery
145(1)
5.7.5 Antiviral Nanogel Delivery
146(1)
5.7.6 Antifungal Nanogel Delivery
147(1)
5.7.7 In Autoimmune Diseases
148(1)
5.7.8 Ophthalmic Delivery
148(1)
5.7.9 Diabetes
148(1)
5.7.10 Coagulating Agent
149(1)
5.7.11 Anti-Inflammatory Agent
149(1)
5.8 Disadvantages of Nanogel
149(1)
5.9 Conclusion
149(1)
References
150(7)
6 Fe, Co Based Bio-Magnetic Nanoparticles (BMNPs): Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Application 157(40)
Amirsadegh Rezazadeh Nochehdehi
Sabu Thomas
Minoo Sadri
S.M. Mehdi Hadavi
Yves Grohens
Nandakumar Kalarikkal
Neerish Revaprasdu
6.1 Introduction
158(8)
6.1.1 Magnetic Properties
161(1)
6.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
162(4)
6.1.2.1 Iron and iron oxide nanoparticles
164(1)
6.1.2.2 Cobalt-based nanoparticles
165(1)
6.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
166(3)
6.2.1 Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles (ION)
166(2)
6.2.2 Cobalt-Based (FeCo) Nanoparticles (CBN)
168(1)
6.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Core/Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles (CS-MNPs)
169(7)
6.3.1 Iron Oxide Core/Shell Nanoparticles (IOCSN)
169(4)
6.3.1.1 Fe3O4 @ Ag core/shell nanoparticles
169(2)
6.3.1.2 Fe3O4 @Chitosan core/shell nanoparticles
171(2)
6.3.2 Cobalt-Based Core/Shell Nanoparticles (CBCSN)
173(3)
6.3.2.1 FeCo@C core/shell nanoparticles
173(2)
6.3.2.2 FeCo@PEG core/shell nanoparticles
175(1)
6.4 Biomedical Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
176(7)
6.4.1 Bioimaging Application of MNPs
180(1)
6.4.2 Controlled Drug Delivery (TDD) Applications of MNPs
181(1)
6.4.3 Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment via Hyperthermia Method (CDT) Using MNPs
182(1)
6.5 Conclusion
183(2)
Acknowledgement
185(1)
References
185(12)
7 Comparative Study on Cytotoxic and Bactericidal Effect of Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron Synthesized through Chemical and Biological Methods 197(22)
R. Sharath
B.G. Harish
M.N. Chandraprabha
K. Samrat
Nagaraju Kottam
Hari R. Krishna
Rakesh G. Kashyap
H. Muktha
7.1 Introduction
198(8)
7.2 Materials and Methods
206(2)
7.2.1 Materials
206(1)
7.2.2 Methods
206(1)
7.2.2.1 Synthesis of nanoscale Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) by chemical and biological methods
206(1)
7.2.3 Characterization Studies
207(1)
7.2.4 Screening of Bactericidal and Cytotoxic Activity
207(1)
7.3 Results and Discussion
208(5)
7.3.1 Synthesis of Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) by Chemical and Biological Methods
208(1)
7.3.2 Characterization of nZVI Particles
208(3)
7.3.3 Screening of Bactericidal and Cytotoxic Activity
211(2)
7.4 Conclusion
213(1)
References
213(6)
8 Simulation Studies of Nanomotors Based on Carbon Nanotubes for Nanodelivery Systems 219(8)
Sunita Negi
8.1 Introduction
219(1)
8.2 Nanomotor
220(1)
8.3 Protein Structure
221(3)
8.4 Simulation Method
224(1)
8.5 Summary and Future Scope
225(1)
References
225(2)
9 Synthesis and Characterization of Lipid-Conjugated Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Drug Delivery to Human Breast Cancer Cells 227(22)
Jawahar Natarajan
Surendra Ekkuluri
Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri
9.1 Introduction
228(1)
9.2 Experimental Part
228(5)
9.2.1 Preformulation Studies
228(1)
9.2.1.1 Solubility studies
229(1)
9.2.1.2 Standard calibration curve
229(1)
9.2.1.3 Compatibility study
229(1)
9.2.2 Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes
229(1)
9.2.2.1 Study on the effect of formulation process variables
230(1)
9.2.3 Purification, Cutting, and Oxidation of CNTs
230(1)
9.2.4 Particle Size, Zeta Potential, and Polydispersity Index (PDI)
231(1)
9.2.5 Surface Morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
231(1)
9.2.6 Preparation of CNTs-RH-Folic Acid (CNTs-RH-FA)
231(1)
9.2.7 Characterization of CNT-RH-FA
231(1)
9.2.7.1 Size distribution and zeta potential
231(1)
9.2.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
232(1)
9.2.9 Determination of Loading Efficiency
232(1)
9.2.10 In Vitro Drug-Release Studies
232(1)
9.2.11 Determination of Mitochondrial Synthesis by MTT Assay
233(1)
9.3 Results and Discussion
233(13)
9.3.1 Preformulation Studies
233(4)
9.3.1.1 Solubility studies
233(1)
9.3.1.2 Development of calibration curve
234(1)
9.3.1.3 Crystallinity study by using DSC
234(1)
9.3.1.4 Compatibility studies using FT-IR
234(3)
9.3.2 Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes
237(2)
9.3.3 Particle Size Distribution and Zeta Potential
239(1)
9.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
240(1)
9.3.5 Drug Loading Efficiency
240(1)
9.3.6 In Vitro Drug-Release Studies
241(3)
9.3.7 In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies
244(2)
9.4 Conclusion
246(1)
References
247(2)
10 Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Potent Antimicrobial Efficacy 249(40)
Soumya Soman
Joseph George Ray
10.1 Introduction
250(3)
10.1.1 Advantages of Phytosynthesis
251(1)
10.1.2 Major Objective
252(1)
10.2 Phytosynthesis of AgNPs
253(7)
10.2.1 Extracellular Synthesis of AgNPs Using Plant Extracts: A Few Case Studies
254(3)
10.2.2 Effect of Environment Parameters Influencing Phytosynthesis
257(3)
10.3 Probable Mechanism for AgNP Formation
260(1)
10.4 Importance of Antibacterial Activity of Phytosynthesized AgNPs
261(5)
10.4.1 Antibacterial Activity of Phytosynthesized AgNPs: Case Studies
263(3)
10.5 Mechanism of Action of AgNPs
266(4)
10.5.1 Different Postulates of Mechanism of AgNPs Toxicity to Bacteria
266(4)
10.6 Antibacterial Applications of AgNPs
270(2)
10.7 Conclusion
272(1)
References
273(16)
11 Recreation of Turmeric Matrix with Enhanced Curcuminoids- Enhances the Bioavailability and Bioefficacy 289(26)
Augustine Amalraj
Sreeraj Gopi
11.1 Introduction
290(1)
11.2 Discovery of Curcumin
290(1)
11.3 Isolation of Curcumin
291(1)
11.4 Physical, Chemical, and Molecular Properties of Curcuminoids
291(3)
11.5 Experimental Part
294(3)
11.5.1 Preparation Method of Cureit™
294(2)
11.5.2 Analytical Method for Analysis of Plasma Curcumin Level in Cureit™ and Standard Curcumin
296(1)
11.5.3 Statistical Analysis
296(1)
11.6 Results and Discussion
297(8)
11.6.1 Chemical Analysis of Cureit™
297(1)
11.6.2 Characterization of Cureit™
297(8)
11.6.2.1 NMR studies of cureit™
297(2)
11.6.2.2 FT-IR studies of cureit™
299(3)
11.6.2.3 XRD studies of cureit™
302(1)
11.6.2.4 TGA/DTA studies of cureit™
303(1)
11.6.2.5 SEM analysis of cureit™
303(1)
11.6.2.6 I-V studies of cureit™
304(1)
11.7 Bioavailability and Bioefficacy Studies of Cureit™
305(2)
11.7.1 Comparative Oral Bioavailability Study of Cureit™ with Standard Curcumin
305(2)
11.7.2 Recent Studies on the Cureit™
307(1)
11.8 Conclusions
307(1)
References
308(7)
12 The Good Tooth, The Bad Influence of Aciduric Germs and The Ugly Stench of Decay 315(28)
T. Jesse Joel
P.W. Ramteke
12.1 The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly Microbe - Streptococcus Mutans
316(17)
12.1.1 Introduction
317(4)
12.1.1.1 Streptococcus mutans: Isolation and identification
317(3)
12.1.1.2 Habitat and nature of source
320(1)
12.1.1.3 Taxonomy
321(1)
12.1.2 Dangerous Etiology or a Farce
321(24)
12.1.2.1 Anaerobiosis
321(1)
12.1.2.2 Pathogenecity
322(1)
12.1.2.3 Virulence
323(5)
12.1.2.4 Transmissibility
328(4)
12.1.2.5 Risk factors
332(1)
12.2 Other Organisms Associated with Caries
333(2)
References
335(8)
13 Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Cardiovascular Diseases, Tissue Engineering, and Wound Healing 343(22)
K.R. Rakhimol
Robin Augustine
Sabu Thomas
Nandakumar Kalarikkal
13.1 Introduction
343(2)
13.2 Therapeutic Angiogenesis: Concept, Approaches, and Applications
345(6)
13.2.1 Approaches
347(3)
13.2.1.1 Direct VEGF administration
347(1)
13.2.1.2 Cell-based therapy
347(1)
13.2.1.3 Regulation at genomic/molecular level
348(1)
13.2.1.4 Hypoxia-induced angiogenesis
348(2)
13.2.2 Applications of Therapeutic Angiogenesis
350(1)
13.2.2.1 Wound healing
350(1)
13.2.2.2 Bone development
350(1)
13.2.2.3 Cardiac diseases
351(1)
13.3 Growth Factors Needed for Angiogenesis
351(2)
13.3.1 Fibroblast Growth Factor
351(1)
13.3.2 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
352(1)
13.3.3 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
352(1)
13.4 Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Angiogenesis
353(1)
13.5 Metal Nanoparticle-Based Angiogenesis
354(1)
13.6 Stimulating Angiogenesis in Scaffolds by Therapeutic Angiogenesis
355(2)
13.7 Challenges and Risks
357(1)
13.8 Conclusion
358(1)
References
358(7)
14 Toxicity of Nanomaterials Used in Nanomedicine 365(20)
Parvathy Prasad
Sunija Sukumaran
Nitheesha Shaji
V.K. Yadunath
Jiya Jose
Nandakumar Kalarikkal
Sabu Thomas
14.1 Introduction
365(2)
14.2 Nanomedicine
367(1)
14.3 Nanomaterials Used for Nanomedicine
368(2)
14.4 Toxicokinetics of Nanoparticles
370(2)
14.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles
372(6)
14.6 Effect of Nanoparticles in Some Aquatic Organisms
378(1)
14.7 Discussion
379(1)
14.8 Conclusion
379(1)
References
380(5)
Index 385(2)
About the Editors 387
Jince Thomas, Sabu Thomas, Jiya Jose
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
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