Preface |
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ix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xi | |
Abbreviations |
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xiii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (366) |
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1 "Classical" Gaseous Detectors and Their Limits |
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5 | (22) |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2 Single-Wire Counters Operated in Avalanche Mode |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3 Avalanche and Discharge Development in Uniform or Cylindrical Electric Fields |
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8 | (8) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.4 Pulsed Spark and Streamer Detectors |
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16 | (2) |
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1.5 Multiwire Proportional Chambers |
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18 | (2) |
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1.6 A New Idea for Discharge Quenching and Localization |
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20 | (4) |
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24 | (3) |
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2 Historical Developments Leading to Modern Resistive Gaseous Detectors |
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27 | (18) |
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2.1 Introduction: the Importance of the Parallel-Plate Geometry |
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27 | (3) |
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2.2 First Parallel-Plate Counters |
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30 | (4) |
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34 | (1) |
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2.4 The First RPC Prototypes |
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35 | (2) |
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2.5 Pestov's Planar Spark Chambers |
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37 | (4) |
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2.6 Wire-Type Detectors with Resistive Cathodes |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (3) |
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3 Basics of Resistive Plate Chambers |
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45 | (66) |
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45 | (1) |
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3.2 Santonico and Cardarelli's RPCs |
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45 | (7) |
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52 | (3) |
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3.4 Avalanche and Streamer Modes |
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55 | (9) |
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55 | (5) |
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60 | (4) |
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64 | (17) |
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64 | (10) |
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3.5.2 Charge Distribution |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (2) |
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3.5.5 Position Resolution |
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80 | (1) |
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3.6 Choice of Gas Mixtures |
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81 | (11) |
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3.6.1 Main Requirements for RPC Gas Mixtures |
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81 | (3) |
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3.6.2 Quenching Gas Mixtures |
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84 | (45) |
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3.6.2.1 General Information |
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84 | (2) |
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3.6.2.2 Historical Review about Gas Mixtures for Inhibiting Photon Feedback |
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86 | (4) |
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3.6.2.3 Some Considerations on Delayed Afterpulses |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (3) |
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3.9 Effects of Temperature and Pressure |
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99 | (7) |
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106 | (5) |
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4 Further Developments in Resistive Plate Chambers |
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111 | (50) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (4) |
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117 | (10) |
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4.4 "Space-Charge" Effects |
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127 | (2) |
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4.5 Review of Analytical Models of RPC Behavior |
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129 | (9) |
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4.5.1 Electron Avalanches Deeply Affected by Space Charge |
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131 | (3) |
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4.5.2 Highly Variable Currents Flowing through Resistive Materials |
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134 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Electrical Induction through Materials with Varied Electrical Properties |
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135 | (1) |
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4.5.4 Propagation of Fast Signals in Multiconductor Transmission Lines |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (5) |
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4.7 The Importance of Front-End Electronics for Operation in Streamer and Avalanche Modes |
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143 | (1) |
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4.8 Attempts to Increase Sensitivity via Secondary Electron Emission |
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143 | (11) |
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154 | (7) |
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5 Resistive Plate Chambers in High Energy Physics Experiments |
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161 | (50) |
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5.1 Early Experiments Using RPCs |
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161 | (8) |
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5.2 RPCs for the L3 Experiment at LEP |
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169 | (3) |
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5.3 The Instrumented Flux Return of the BaBar Experiment |
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172 | (4) |
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5.4 The ARGO-YBJ Detector |
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176 | (4) |
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5.5 The "BIG" Experiments: ATLAS, ALICE, and CMS at LHC |
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180 | (15) |
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182 | (5) |
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187 | (6) |
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5.5.3 Some Common Themes to ATLAS and CMS |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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5.6 The RPC-TOF System of the HADES Experiment |
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195 | (6) |
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5.7 The Extreme Energy Events Experiment |
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201 | (5) |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (3) |
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6 Materials and Aging in Resistive Plate Chambers |
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211 | (42) |
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211 | (18) |
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6.1.1 Glasses and Glass RPCs |
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213 | (8) |
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221 | (2) |
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6.1.3 Methods to Measure Bakelite Resistivity |
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223 | (5) |
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6.1.4 Semiconductive Materials |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (8) |
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6.2.1 Aging in RPCs Operated in Streamer Mode |
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229 | (6) |
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229 | (1) |
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6.2.1.2 Experience Gained in BaBar |
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230 | (5) |
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6.2.2 Melamine and Bakelite RPCs without linseed oil treatment |
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235 | (2) |
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6.3 Aging Studies of RPC Prototypes Operated in Avalanche Mode Designed for the LHC Experiments |
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237 | (9) |
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6.3.1 Temperature Effects |
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240 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Effects of HF and Other Chemical Species |
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241 | (3) |
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6.3.3 Other Possible Changes in Bakelite Electrodes |
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244 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Closed-Loop Gas Systems for LHC RPCs |
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244 | (2) |
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6.4 Aging Studies on Multi-Gap RPCs |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (5) |
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7 Advanced Designs: High-Rate, High-Spatial Resolution Resistive Plate Chambers |
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253 | (32) |
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7.1 The Issue of Rate Capability |
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253 | (4) |
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7.2 The "Static" Model of RPCs at High Rate |
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257 | (4) |
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7.3 The "Dynamic" Model of RPCs at High Rate |
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261 | (5) |
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7.4 The Upgrade of the Muon Systems of ATLAS and CMS |
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266 | (3) |
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7.5 Special High Rate RPCs |
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269 | (10) |
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7.5.1 High-Rate, High-Position Resolution RPCs |
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276 | (3) |
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7.6 High-Position Resolution Timing RPCs |
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279 | (3) |
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282 | (3) |
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8 New Developments in the Family of Gaseous Detectors: Micropattern Detectors with Resistive Electrodes |
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285 | (22) |
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8.1 "Classical" Micropattern Detectors with Metallic Electrodes |
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285 | (4) |
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8.2 Spark-Proven GEM-like Detectors with Resistive Electrodes |
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289 | (5) |
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8.3 Resistive Micromesh Detectors |
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294 | (4) |
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8.4 Resistive Microstrip Detectors |
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298 | (2) |
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8.5 Resistive Micro-Pixel Detectors |
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300 | (1) |
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8.6 Resistive Microhole-Microstrip and Microstrip-Microdot Detectors |
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301 | (3) |
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304 | (3) |
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9 Applications beyond High Energy Physics and Current Trends |
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307 | (42) |
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9.1 Positron Emission Tomography with RPCs |
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307 | (3) |
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9.2 Thermal Neutron Detection with RPCs |
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310 | (4) |
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9.3 Muon Tomography and Applications for Homeland Security |
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314 | (8) |
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322 | (4) |
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9.5 Cost-Efficient Radon Detectors Based on Resistive GEMs |
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326 | (5) |
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9.6 Resistive GEMs for UV Photon Detection |
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331 | (7) |
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9.6.1 CsI-Based Resistive GEMs for RICH |
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332 | (5) |
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9.6.2 Flame and Spark Detection and Visualization with Resistive GEMs |
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337 | (1) |
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9.7 Cryogenic Detectors with resistive electrodes |
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338 | (3) |
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9.8 Digital Calorimetry with RPCs |
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341 | (3) |
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344 | (5) |
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Conclusions and Perspectives |
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349 | (18) |
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A Some Guidelines for RPC Fabrication |
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353 | (12) |
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A.1 Assembling of Bakelite RPCs |
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353 | (3) |
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A.2 Assembling of Glass RPCs |
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356 | (5) |
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A.3 Assembling of Glass MRPCs |
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361 | (4) |
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365 | (2) |
Glossary |
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367 | (6) |
Index |
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373 | |