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E-raamat: Science in the Study of Ancient Egypt

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There is a notable lack of archaeological science used in Egyptology and Egyptian archaeology today. The reasons behind this are twofold: one, the discipline started with the early translation of Hieroglyphs which, combined with the large amount of written and pictorial material available, has long overshadowed the study of the material culture, including archaeology. Second are the practical and bureaucratic challenges to be found in obtaining access to material. In the light of these challenges, the lack of application of archaeological science in Egypt is hardly surprising.

Science in the Study of Ancient Egypt demonstrates how to integrate scientific methodologies into Egyptology broadly, and in Egyptian archaeology in particular, in order to maximise the amount of information that might be obtained within a study of ancient Egypt, be it field, museum, or laboratory-based. The authors illustrate the inclusive but varied nature of the scientific archaeology being undertaken, revealing that it all falls under the aegis of Egyptology, and demonstrating its potential for the elucidation of problems within traditional Egyptology.

List of Figures
viii
List of Boxes
x
Acknowledgments xiv
1 Introduction: Biographies and Lifecycles
1(10)
1.1 What is Egyptian Archaeology?
1(2)
1.2 Archaeology in Egypt: an Egyptian Archaeology
3(1)
1.3 Archaeological Science and the Study of Egypt: Egyptological Science
4(1)
1.4 Studying Objects, or `Material Culture'
5(1)
1.5 Archaeology in Egypt and How to `Read' This Book
6(5)
2 The Biography of Time and Space
11(114)
2.1 Time: Dating Methods (Relative and Chronometric Dating)
12(2)
2.1 A Relative Chronology and Relative Dating
14(36)
2.1.2 Absolute Dating
25(25)
2.2 Finding Sites and Buildings (with Kristian Strutt)
50(32)
2.2.1 Remote Sensing and Egyptian Archaeology
50(12)
2.2.2 Geophysical Survey Techniques
62(20)
2.2.3 3-D Site Reconstruction
82(1)
2.2.4 Considerations
82(1)
2.3 The Environment and Palaeoenvironment
82(31)
2.3.1 Environmental Reconstruction
84(1)
2.3.2 Obtaining Environmental Data
85(14)
2.3.3 Animals and Plants
99(14)
2.4 Organisation of Human Burial Grounds
113(12)
2.4.1 Working with Data from Mortuary Contexts
114(3)
2.4.2 Types of Data and Organisation
117(8)
3 The Biography of People
125(99)
3.1 Death and Burial
125(25)
3.1.1 Burial Rites and Rituals
126(6)
3.1.2 Patterning of Burials
132(5)
3.1.3 Burials and Tombs
137(2)
3.1.4 Age and Sex
139(4)
3.1.5 Identification of Children and Childhood
143(6)
3.1.6 Kinship
149(1)
3.2 Activity and Occupation
150(8)
3.3 Health and Disease
158(16)
3.3.1 Trauma
160(1)
3.3.2 Infectious Disease
161(9)
3.3.3 Chronic Conditions and Joint Disease
170(1)
3.3.4 Metabolic Conditions
171(2)
3.3.5 Congenital Conditions
173(1)
3.3.6 Tumours
173(1)
3.4 Diet and Subsistence
174(14)
3.4.1 Dental and Skeletal Markers
176(3)
3.4.2 Isotopic Markers
179(1)
3.4.3 Intestinal Contents, Archaeoparasites and Coprolites
180(6)
3.4.4 Other Evidence
186(2)
3.5 Clothing and Adornment
188(14)
3.5.1 Fabric Remains and Wrappings
189(1)
3.5.2 Ornamentation and Amulets
189(9)
3.5.3 Bodily Adornment and Modification
198(1)
3.5.4 Hair
199(1)
3.5.5 Mummified Animals
200(2)
3.5.6 Other Tomb Items and Equipment
202(1)
3.6 Migration and Mobility
202(15)
3.6.1 Isotopic Methods
203(6)
3.6.2 Other Compositional Signals
209(1)
3.6.3 Skeletal Metric Methods
209(1)
3.6.4 Nonmetric Skeletal and Dental Traits
210(7)
3.7 Social Organisation
217(7)
3.7.1 Age and Social Grouping
217(1)
3.7.2 Social Status and Ranking
218(1)
3.7.3 Population and Ethnicity
219(5)
4 The Biography and Analysis of Objects
224(81)
4.1 Identifying the Material Component: What Is It Made From?
225(3)
4.1.1 Inorganic Objects -- HH-XRF
226(2)
4.2 Raw Materials
228(1)
4.2.1 The Provenance Hypothesis
228(1)
4.3 Distribution and Consumption
229(10)
4.3.1 Chaine Operatoire?
231(7)
4.3.2 Transport and Supply
238(1)
4.3.3 Production Evidence from Finished Objects
239(1)
4.4 Egyptian Materials
239(53)
4.4.1 Stone
239(14)
4.4.2 Clay and Ceramics
253(9)
4.4.3 Metals
262(13)
4.4.4 Glass
275(7)
4.4.5 Glaze
282(5)
4.4.6 Pigments
287(5)
4.5 Use and Re-use of Objects: The Lifecourses of the Objects
292(1)
4.6 Conservation and Display
293(12)
4.6.1 Field Conservation
294(1)
4.6.2 Identifying Early Conservation
295(1)
4.6.3 Modern Analysis in Collections
296(8)
4.6.4 Storage and Display
304(1)
5 Ankh, Wedja, Seneb at Tell el-Amarna
305(20)
Appendix I King List and Summary of Egyptian Chronology 325(9)
Appendix II Summary of Some Major Analytical Techniques and Methods 334(22)
References 356(48)
Index 404
Sonia Zakrzewski is a Lecturer in Archaeology at the University of Southampton. She publishes widely in physical anthropology and science journals and has edited two books.









Andrew Shortland is the Director and Senior Lecturer of the Centre for Archaeological and Forensic Analysis at Cranfield University, where he runs a group that specializes in the application of scientific techniques to archaeological and forensic problems. He publishes widely in archaeological and science journals and has written two books and edited two more.









Joanne Rowland is a researcher in the Egyptian Collection at the Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels and a Research Fellow in Egyptology and Archaeological Science at the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art (RLAHA) at Oxford University. She publishes widely in Egyptology and archaeological science, and has aided in the editing of several Egyptian archaeology volumes.
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