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E-raamat: Second Generation Biofuels and Biomass: Essential Guide for Investors, Scientists and Decision Makers

(Mother Earth Investments AG, Altendorf, Switzerland)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Nov-2012
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783527653003
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Second Generation Biofuels and Biomass: Essential Guide for Investors, Scientists and Decision MakersSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Nov-2012
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783527653003
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This guide to investing in the bioenergy market covers the topic from both a scientific, economic and political perspective. It describes the increasing number of second generation biodiesel projects which are now emerging in anticipation of growing sustainability concerns by governments, and in response to market demands for improved process efficiencies and greater feedstock production yields.

The book also closely examines the science and technology involved in second generation biofuels and gives concrete examples, such as in the aviation industry. The result is an essential guide for scientists, investors, politicians and decision-makers in the energy sector.

Arvustused

The result is an essential guide for scientists, investors, politicians and decision-makers in the energy sector. The excellent index of the book puts it in light as a valuable and comprehensive resource of information, which might be an indispensable and powerful tool for both educational and practical reasons.  (Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 1 April 2013)

This book recognizes the wide variety of challenges faced by the biofuel industry. I found that the facts and perspectives presented provide ample material to discuss the potential role of biomass in our energy future.  (Energy Technology, 1 April 2013)

Acknowledgments xv
Abbreviations xix
1 The Commodity Case -- Introduction
1(20)
1.1 Commodity Cycles -- Past and Present
1(2)
1.2 The Most Precious Commodity: Energy
3(2)
1.3 Cheap and Expensive
5(2)
1.4 Federal Reserve
7(1)
1.5 Transformation to a Low-Carbon Society
8(1)
1.6 Commodity Costs
9(1)
1.7 The "Per Capita" Factor
10(2)
1.8 Demographics: India and China
12(1)
1.9 Oil, and First- and Second-Generation Biofuels
13(1)
1.10 Nuclear Energy
14(11)
1.11 Eleven Megaforces
25
1.12 Resource Wars
17(1)
1.13 Geopolitical Shift in Oil Production
18(1)
1.14 Oil Companies, Production, and Transportation
18(3)
2 First- and Second-Generation Biofuels
21(10)
2.1 Second-Generation Requirements
21(1)
2.2 Applications
22(1)
2.3 First-Generation Feedstock: What Speaks against Biofuels of the First Generation?
22(2)
2.4 Second-Generation Feedstock
24(1)
2.5 Biomass
24(2)
2.6 Bioethanol and Biodiesel Production
26(1)
2.7 Biodiesel Refining
26(1)
2.8 Benefits of Biodiesel
27(1)
2.9 The Big Biofuel Inventors
28(3)
2.9.1 Rudolf Diesel
28(1)
2.9.2 Henry Ford
29(2)
3 Biofuels Feedstock: Jatropha curcas
31(40)
3.1 Characteristics
31(15)
3.1.1 Plants in Marginal Growing Conditions
31(1)
3.1.2 Nature Around the Equator
32(1)
3.1.3 Plant Description
33(1)
3.1.4 Where Does Jatropha Originate?
34(1)
3.1.5 Properties
34(1)
3.1.6 Toxicology
34(1)
3.1.7 Whole Plant and Food/Fodder
35(1)
3.1.8 Light in the Dark
35(1)
3.1.9 Medicine
36(1)
3.1.10 Pressing the Oil
36(1)
3.1.11 Biokerosene
37(1)
3.1.12 Breeding Objectives
37(1)
3.1.13 Survival in Harsh Conditions
38(1)
3.1.14 Breeding Method
38(1)
3.1.15 Ecological Aspects
39(1)
3.1.16 Agronomy
39(1)
3.1.17 Harvesting and Man-Hours
40(1)
3.1.18 Mechanical Harvesting
40(1)
3.1.19 Managed and Contract Farming
40(1)
3.1.20 Storage
41(1)
3.1.21 Yield Comparisons and Research
41(1)
3.1.22 Propagation Methods
42(1)
3.1.23 Pricing
43(1)
3.1.24 Jatropha Facts Related to Biodiesel
43(1)
3.1.25 Pests and Diseases
44(1)
3.1.26 Limitations of the Crop
44(1)
3.1.27 Prospects
45(1)
3.1.28 Research Needs
45(1)
3.1.29 Cracking the Nut
45(1)
3.2 Jatropha Products
46(5)
3.2.1 Main Products
46(1)
3.2.1.1 Glycerin
46(1)
3.2.1.2 Medical Applications
46(1)
3.2.1.3 Organic Fertilizer and Animal Feed
47(1)
3.2.1.4 Insecticides and Pesticides
47(1)
3.2.2 Byproducts
48(1)
3.2.2.1 Active Carbon
48(1)
3.2.2.2 Biochar
49(1)
3.2.2.3 Woodpellets
49(1)
3.2.2.4 Polyol
49(1)
3.2.2.5 Paint
49(1)
3.2.2.6 Electricity
49(1)
3.2.2.7 Carbon Dioxide Collection
50(1)
3.2.2.8 Smog Reduction in Chimneys
50(1)
3.3 Advantages and Risks of Jatropha
51(7)
3.3.1 Overview
51(1)
3.3.2 Domestication
51(1)
3.3.3 Potential Negative Effects
52(1)
3.3.4 Variable Yields
53(1)
3.3.5 Diesel Demand, Diesel Cars, and Demography
53(2)
3.3.6 Jatropha Jet Fuel Demand
55(1)
3.3.7 Significant Events
56(1)
3.3.8 Yield Comparisons
56(1)
3.3.9 Global Jatropha Demand
56(1)
3.3.10 How Large is the Biokerosene Market?
57(1)
3.3.11 Energy Security, US Military, and Fuel Costs
58(1)
3.4 Negative Aspects and Risks
58(4)
3.4.1 Jatropha in Ghana
58(1)
3.4.2 Africa's "Land Grab"
59(1)
3.4.3 More Examples of Land Grab Attempts [ 2]
60(2)
3.5 Water Use
62(1)
3.6 Invasiveness
63(1)
3.7 Opinion of the UN FAO
64(1)
3.8 Opinion of the World Bank
64(1)
3.9 Code of Conduct
65(1)
3.10 Summary of Jatropha
66(1)
3.11 Where Does Jatropha Grow?
67(1)
3.12 Genetic Improvement of J. curcas
68(3)
References
69(2)
4 Other Biofuel Feedstocks
71(26)
4.1 Pongamia pinatta
71(1)
4.2 Algae
72(5)
4.2.1 Introduction
72(3)
4.2.2 Yield
75(1)
4.2.3 Benefits of Algae
76(1)
4.2.4 Navy Orders
76(1)
4.3 Palm Oil
77(6)
4.3.1 Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
77(1)
4.3.2 Controversy
77(1)
4.3.3 The Other Oil Spill
78(1)
4.3.4 Clean Start
79(2)
4.3.5 Threat from Facebook
81(1)
4.3.6 Rainforests and Palm Oil
81(2)
4.3.7 Sustainable Palm Oil [ 12]
83(1)
4.4 Camelina
83(5)
4.4.1 The Basics
83(1)
4.4.2 Rotation with Wheat
84(1)
4.4.3 Camelina as a Biofuel
84(1)
4.4.4 Camelina Agronomy
85(1)
4.4.5 Crop Potential
86(1)
4.4.6 Shock Wave!
87(1)
4.5 Crambe
88(2)
4.5.1 Basics
88(1)
4.5.2 Emprapa
89(1)
4.6 Cheers!
90(1)
4.7 Pennycress
90(1)
4.8 Moringa
91(2)
4.8.1 Planting: Seeds and Cuttings
92(1)
4.8.2 Medicinal Applications
92(1)
4.8.3 Biogas
93(1)
4.9 Castor
93(1)
4.10 Halophytes
93(1)
4.11 Sugarcane
94(1)
4.12 Miscanthus
94(1)
4.13 Grass to Ethanol: Napier Grass
94(3)
5 Cropping Methods
97(4)
5.1 Intercropping and Double Cropping
97(2)
5.2 Reliance Life Sciences
99(1)
5.3 Nestle
99(2)
6 Socially Responsible Investing
101(10)
6.1 Principles
101(1)
6.2 Practice: Jatropha curcas
101(1)
6.3 Breaking the Cycle of Poverty
102(1)
6.4 Food First
103(1)
6.5 A Wider Context
104(1)
6.6 Guatemala
104(1)
6.7 Corporate Governance
105(6)
6.7.1 Business
105(1)
6.7.2 Bee Hives/Honey Harvesting
106(1)
6.7.3 Company--Community Committees
106(1)
6.7.4 Education
106(1)
6.7.5 Employment Opportunities
107(1)
6.7.6 Farmland Preservation
107(1)
6.7.7 Fire Control and Prevention
107(1)
6.7.8 Healthcare
108(1)
6.7.9 Hiring Women
108(1)
6.7.10 Outgrower Program
108(1)
6.7.11 Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation
109(1)
6.7.12 Soil Fertility
109(2)
7 Sustainability
111(2)
8 Biomass
113(14)
8.1 What Is Biomass?
113(1)
8.2 Five Basic Categories
114(1)
8.3 Benefits of Biomass
114(1)
8.4 Feedstock of Biomass
115(3)
8.4.1 Trees and Woodpellets
115(1)
8.4.2 Woodchips
115(1)
8.4.3 Palm Kernel Shells
116(1)
8.4.4 Miscanthus Pellets
116(1)
8.4.5 Agripellets
117(1)
8.5 Biomass Potential in Brazil
118(1)
8.6 Sustainability of Agripellets
119(1)
8.7 Agripellets versus Coal and Lignite
120(1)
8.8 Energy Density: Gigajoules per Tonne
120(1)
8.9 Why Is Biomass in High Demand?
121(3)
8.10 EU Environmental Regulations: Poland
124(1)
8.11 The Challenges
125(2)
9 Carbon Credits
127(6)
9.1 Carbon is the Enemy
127(1)
9.2 Jatropha Kerosene: A Monster Market Emerges
128(2)
9.3 Carbon Reductions
130(1)
9.4 Global Warming Around Us
130(1)
9.5 Extreme Weather Patterns
131(2)
10 Biofuels in Europe - EU Policies
133(4)
10.1 EU Policy in 2008
133(1)
10.2 Heated Debates
133(1)
10.3 National Policies
134(1)
10.4 EU Rift in Biofuel Policy
135(1)
10.5 Indirect Land-Use Change
136(1)
10.6 Where Do We Stand Now?
136(1)
11 Biofuels in the United States
137(4)
11.1 Biomass Demand in the United States
137(1)
11.2 Second-Generation Biofuels for the United States
138(1)
11.3 A Growing Shortage of Domestic Oil Production
139(1)
11.4 Fuel Use at the USDA
140(1)
11.5 Partnership with the FAA
140(1)
12 Biofuels in China
141(18)
12.1 Clean Energy? Go to China
141(1)
12.2 China is Going Green
142(1)
12.3 China's 12th 5-Year Plan
143(1)
12.4 Inclusive Growth
143(1)
12.5 The Beneficiaries
144(1)
12.6 China's Energy Consumption
145(1)
12.7 Staggering Car Sales Numbers
146(3)
12.8 China's Diesel Pricing Mechanism
149(1)
12.9 China--United States Biofuel Pact
150(1)
12.10 China's Biofuels Expansion
151(8)
12.10.1 2007
151(1)
12.10.2 2010
151(1)
12.10.3 An Area of 13 Million Hectares
152(2)
12.10.4 Barren Lands in Southwest China
154(1)
12.10.5 Hainan
154(1)
12.10.6 Biodiesel Refineries
155(1)
12.10.7 Poverty and Jatropha
156(1)
12.10.8 Subsidies
157(1)
12.10.9 Tax Exemptions for Biodiesel
158(1)
13 Biofuels in Brazil
159(10)
13.1 Introduction: Biofuel Industry Leader
159(1)
13.2 Comparison with the United States
160(1)
13.3 What is Driving the Urgency in Renewable Jet Fuel?
160(1)
13.4 Biofuels from Sugarcane
160(1)
13.5 Sugar Production
161(1)
13.6 Ethanol Production and Flex-Fuel Cars
162(1)
13.7 Bagasse, Bioelectricity, and Biofuels
162(1)
13.8 Flex-Fuel = Biofuel
163(1)
13.9 Fuel Consumption
163(1)
13.10 Greenhouse Gas Reductions
164(1)
13.11 Energy Balance
165(1)
13.12 Sugarcane for Biofuels
165(1)
13.13 Sugarcane Straw: A Growth Opportunity
166(1)
13.14 Bioplastics
166(1)
13.15 Biofuels and Public Health
167(1)
13.16 Cautionary Notes
167(1)
13.17 The Bottom Line
168(1)
14 Biofuels and Biomass in Africa
169(4)
14.1 Dependency on Fossil Fuels
169(1)
14.2 Africa's Potential
170(1)
14.3 Three African Examples
171(2)
14.3.1 Ghana
171(1)
14.3.2 Ethiopia
171(1)
14.3.3 Nigeria
172(1)
15 General Aviation and Biofuels
173(6)
15.1 Important Aviation Facts
173(1)
15.2 Carbon Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions
173(1)
15.3 Biofuels -- Providing Diversified Supply
174(1)
15.4 Lifecycle of Carbon Dioxide
174(1)
15.5 Green Aviation
175(1)
15.6 Why Use Biokerosene?
176(1)
15.7 Global Emissions of Carbon Dioxide
176(2)
15.8 Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group
178(1)
16 Aviation and Carbon Credits
179(4)
16.1 Greenhouse Gases
179(1)
16.2 EU Emission Trading Scheme
179(1)
16.3 Cap and Trade
180(1)
16.4 Carbon in Chains
180(1)
16.5 Biokerosene Targets
181(2)
17 Biokerosene
183(10)
17.1 Airline Industry Lifts Biofuel Development
183(1)
17.2 Safety
184(1)
17.3 Ready for Take-Off -- A Monster Market in the Making: Aviation Biofuels
184(1)
17.4 Refining
185(3)
17.4.1 Biodiesel
186(1)
17.4.2 Biokerosene
186(1)
17.4.2.1 Hydrogenation
186(1)
17.4.2.2 Fischer--Tropsch Process
187(1)
17.4.2.3 Nanoemulsion
188(1)
17.5 Benefits
188(1)
17.6 Jet Fuel Standards
189(1)
17.7 Certification of Biofuels
189(1)
17.8 ASTM
190(1)
17.9 Intensive Testing
190(3)
18 Fermenting Fuels
193(4)
18.1 New Generation
193(1)
18.2 What are Hydrocarbons?
193(1)
18.3 What are Enzymes?
193(1)
18.4 What are "Drop-In Fuels"?
194(1)
18.5 Converting Feedstock into Fuels
194(1)
18.6 Cellulosic Ethanol
194(2)
18.7 Biokerosene
196(1)
19 Airline Test Results with Biofuels
197(10)
19.1 Air New Zealand
197(1)
19.2 Qatar Airways
198(1)
19.3 Japan Airlines Test Flight -- Biofuels Tested: Jatropha, Camelina, and Algae
198(1)
19.4 KLM -- Biofuel Tested: Camelina
199(1)
19.5 Continental Airlines
199(1)
19.6 TAM
200(1)
19.7 British Airways
201(1)
19.8 The Milestone: Lufthansa's Daily Flights
202(1)
19.9 Cathay Pacific
203(2)
19.10 Air China
205(1)
19.11 Alaska Airlines
205(1)
19.12 Aeromexico: First Transatlantic Biofuel Flight
206(1)
20 Investment Opportunities
207(16)
20.1 The Opportunity of a Lifetime
207(1)
20.2 Eight Ways to Invest in Biofuels and Biomass
208(13)
20.2.1 Agricultural Land
208(1)
20.2.2 Invest in Trees
209(1)
20.2.3 Start Your Own Plantation
209(1)
20.2.4 Your own Biofuel/Biomass Production Company
210(1)
20.2.5 Invest in Private Equity Funds
211(1)
20.2.6 Biofuel Companies
211(1)
20.2.6.1 Introduction
212(1)
20.2.6.2 Company List
212(8)
20.2.7 Mother Earth Biokersene Index
220(1)
20.2.8 Managed Account
221(1)
20.3 Investments Check-Up
221(2)
21 Jatropha Projects, Research, and Joint Ventures
223(4)
21.1 Waterland
223(1)
21.2 KUOSOL: Repsol and KUO
224(1)
21.3 SG Biofuels and Bunge
224(1)
21.4 Shell and Brazil's Cosan
225(1)
21.5 JOil
225(1)
21.6 Others
226(1)
22 The Future
227(8)
22.1 Conclusions
227(1)
22.2 From Nuclear to Renewable Energies
227(1)
22.3 The Future of Waste
228(2)
22.4 Future of Jatropha Feedstock
230(1)
22.5 Future of Sugarcane
231(1)
22.6 Low-Carbon Economy
232(1)
22.7 Zero-Waste Economy
232(1)
22.8 Our World in 2030
233(2)
Glossary 235(4)
Index 239
Roland A. Jansen, from The Netherlands, holds a degree in Business Administration (lic.oec.HSG) from the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland.

Mr. Jansen is CEO of Mother Earth Investments AG (Switzerland) and Biomass Partners Ltd. in Hong Kong. Mother Earth Investments AG manages assets in natural resources for banks, private clients, pension funds and family offices. He publishes his research bi-monthly in the Mother Earth Commodity Analysis Report. Biomass Partners in Hong Kong Ltd. trades second generation biofuels and biomass on behalf of mines, powerplants and refineries. He is the author of ?Profits from Natural Resources?, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1998). Mr Jansen has appeared regularly on Bloomberg Television to give his views on commodity trends. He is also a regular guest speaker at conferences and universities around the world and serves as a honorary consul for The Netherlands in Liechtenstein.
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