Preface |
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Acknowledgements |
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1 | (2) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Philosophy, definitions and scope |
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1 | (1) |
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1.3 The practice of seismic rock physics |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (20) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (3) |
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2.3 Modelling for seismic interpretation |
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6 | (17) |
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2.3.1 The convolutional model, wavelets and polarity |
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7 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Isotropic and elastic rock properties |
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10 | (4) |
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2.3.3 Offset reflectivity |
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14 | (3) |
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2.3.4 Types of seismic models |
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17 | (2) |
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2.3.5 Relating seismic data to models |
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19 | (4) |
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3 Seismic wavelets and resolution |
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23 | (15) |
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23 | (1) |
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3.2 Seismic data: bandwidth and phase |
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23 | (1) |
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3.3 Zero phase and minimum phase |
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24 | (1) |
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3.4 Change of wavelet shape with depth |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (1) |
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3.6 Wavelet phase and processing |
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29 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Bandwidth improvement |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (5) |
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3.7.1 The problem of interference |
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32 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Simple models of interference |
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32 | (1) |
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3.7.3 Estimating vertical resolution from seismic |
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33 | (1) |
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3.7.4 The effect of wavelet shape on resolution |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (20) |
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38 | (1) |
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4.2 Log calibration -- depth to time |
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38 | (2) |
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4.2.1 Velocities and scale |
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38 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Drift analysis and correction |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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4.4 Well tie approaches using synthetics |
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43 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Well tie matching technique |
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43 | (4) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (8) |
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4.6.1 Seismic character and phase ambiguity |
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50 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Stretch and squeeze |
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51 | (2) |
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4.6.3 Sense checking and phase perception |
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53 | (3) |
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4.6.4 Importance of tie accuracy in horizon mapping |
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56 | (1) |
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4.6.5 Understanding offset scaling |
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56 | (1) |
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4.6.6 Use of matching techniques to measure an improving tie |
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57 | (1) |
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5 Rock properties and AVO |
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58 | (52) |
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58 | (1) |
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5.2 AVO response description |
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58 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Positive or negative AVO and the sign of the AVO gradient |
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58 | (1) |
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5.2.2 AVO classes and the AVO plot |
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58 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Introducing the AVO crossplot |
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59 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Examples of AVO responses |
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59 | (2) |
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5.3 Rock property controls on AVO |
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61 | (27) |
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5.3.1 Ranges of parameters for common sedimentary rocks |
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61 | (1) |
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5.3.2 The role of compaction |
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62 | (1) |
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5.3.3 The effect of fluid fill |
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63 | (6) |
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5.3.4 The effects of rock fabric and pore geometry |
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69 | (3) |
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5.3.5 Bed thickness and layering |
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72 | (5) |
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5.3.6 The effects of pressure |
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77 | (5) |
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82 | (6) |
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5.4 The rock model and its applications |
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88 | (3) |
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5.4.1 Examples of rock model applications |
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88 | (3) |
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5.5 Rock properties, AVO reflectivity and impedance |
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91 | (16) |
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5.5.1 AVO projections, coordinate rotations and weighted stacks |
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92 | (6) |
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5.5.2 Angle-dependent impedance |
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98 | (4) |
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5.5.3 Bandlimited impedance |
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102 | (5) |
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5.6 Seismic noise and AVO |
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107 | (3) |
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6 Seismic processing issues |
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110 | (15) |
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110 | (1) |
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6.2 General processing issues |
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111 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Initial amplitude corrections |
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111 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Long-wavelength overburden effects |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Angle gathers and angle stacks |
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116 | (1) |
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6.3 Data conditioning for AVO analysis |
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117 | (8) |
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6.3.1 Spectral equalisation |
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118 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Residual moveout removal |
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118 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Amplitude scaling with offset |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Gradient estimation and noise reduction |
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123 | (2) |
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7 Amplitude and AVO interpretation |
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125 | (24) |
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125 | (1) |
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7.2 AVO and amplitude scenarios |
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125 | (24) |
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7.2.1 Class II/III hydrocarbon sands and Class I water sands |
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126 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Class III hydrocarbon and water sands |
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127 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Class IV hydrocarbon and water sands |
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129 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Class IIp hydrocarbon sands, Class I water sands |
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130 | (2) |
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7.2.5 Class I hydrocarbon sands, Class I water sands |
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132 | (1) |
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7.2.6 Multi-layered reservoirs |
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133 | (2) |
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7.2.7 Hydrocarbon contacts |
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135 | (9) |
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144 | (2) |
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7.2.9 Fractured reservoirs |
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146 | (3) |
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8 Rock physics for seismic modelling |
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149 | (48) |
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149 | (1) |
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8.2 Rock physics models and relations |
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150 | (27) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (7) |
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8.2.3 Gassmann's equation |
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158 | (4) |
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8.2.4 Minerals, fluids and porosity |
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162 | (6) |
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168 | (5) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (2) |
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8.3 Requirements for a rock physics study |
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177 | (4) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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8.4 Data QC and log edits |
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181 | (10) |
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181 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Vp and Vs from sonic waveform analysis |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (4) |
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187 | (3) |
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8.4.5 Sonic correction for anisotropy in deviated wells |
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190 | (1) |
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8.5 Practical issues in fluid substitution |
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191 | (3) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Low porosity and permeability sandstones |
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193 | (1) |
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8.6 Rock characterisation and modelling issues |
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194 | (3) |
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9 Seismic trace inversion |
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197 | (24) |
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197 | (1) |
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9.2 Deterministic inversion |
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198 | (15) |
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9.2.1 Recursive inversion |
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198 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Sparse spike inversion |
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198 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Model-based inversion |
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199 | (4) |
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203 | (5) |
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9.2.5 Inversion QC checklist |
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208 | (1) |
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9.2.6 Bandlimited vs broadband |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (4) |
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9.2.8 Issues with quantitative interpretation of deterministic inversions |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (8) |
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10 Seismic amplitude applications |
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221 | (33) |
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221 | (1) |
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10.2 Litho/fluid-facies from seismic |
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221 | (2) |
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10.3 Reservoir properties from seismic |
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223 | (12) |
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10.3.1 Reservoir properties from deterministic inversion |
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223 | (2) |
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10.3.2 Simple regression, calibration and uncertainty |
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225 | (3) |
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10.3.3 Reservoir property mapping using geostatistical techniques |
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228 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Net pay estimation from seismic |
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229 | (6) |
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235 | (11) |
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10.5 Amplitudes in prospect evaluation |
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246 | (5) |
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10.5.1 An interpreter's DHI checklist |
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247 | (1) |
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10.5.2 A Bayesian approach to prospect risking |
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247 | (2) |
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10.5.3 Risking, statistics and other sense checks |
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249 | (2) |
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10.6 Seismic amplitude technology in reserves estimation |
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251 | (3) |
References |
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254 | (16) |
Index |
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