Preface |
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xiii | |
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1 Smart Grid Architectural Designs |
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1 | (15) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Today's Grid versus the Smart Grid |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: Rationale for the Smart Grid |
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2 | (2) |
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1.4 Computational Intelligence |
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4 | (1) |
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1.5 Power System Enhancement |
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5 | (1) |
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1.6 Communication and Standards |
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5 | (1) |
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1.7 Environment and Economics |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.9 General View of the Smart Grid Market Drivers |
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6 | (1) |
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1.10 Stakeholder Roles and Function |
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6 | (5) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.10.2 Government Laboratory Demonstration Activities |
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9 | (1) |
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1.10.3 Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.10.4 Research Institutes |
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10 | (1) |
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1.10.5 Technology Companies, Vendors, and Manufacturers |
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10 | (1) |
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1.11 Working Definition of the Smart Grid Based on Performance Measures |
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11 | (1) |
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1.12 Representative Architecture |
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12 | (1) |
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1.13 Functions of Smart Grid Components |
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12 | (3) |
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1.13.1 Smart Devices Interface Component |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.13.3 Transmission Subsystem Component |
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14 | (1) |
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1.13.4 Monitoring and Control Technology Component |
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14 | (1) |
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1.13.5 Intelligent Grid Distribution Subsystem Component |
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14 | (1) |
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1.13.6 Demand Side Management Component |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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2 Smart Grid Communications and Measurement Technology |
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16 | (13) |
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2.1 Communication and Measurement |
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16 | (3) |
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2.2 Monitoring, PMU, Smart Meters, and Measurements Technologies |
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19 | (4) |
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2.2.1 Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) |
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20 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) |
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22 | (1) |
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2.3 GIS and Google Mapping Tools |
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23 | (1) |
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2.4 Multiagent Systems (MAS) Technology |
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24 | (3) |
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2.4.1 Multiagent Systems for Smart Grid Implementation |
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25 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Multiagent Specifications |
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25 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Multiagent Technique |
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26 | (1) |
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2.5 Microgrid and Smart Grid Comparison |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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27 | (2) |
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3 Performance Analysis Tools for Smart Grid Design |
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29 | (22) |
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3.1 Introduction to Load Flow Studies |
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29 | (1) |
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3.2 Challenges to Load Flow in Smart Grid and Weaknesses of the Present Load Flow Methods |
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30 | (1) |
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3.3 Load Flow State of the Art: Classical, Extended Formulations, and Algorithms |
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31 | (6) |
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3.3.1 Gauss-Seidal Method |
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31 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Newton-Raphson Method |
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32 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Fast Decouple Method |
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33 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Distribution Load Flow Methods |
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33 | (4) |
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3.4 Congestion Management Effect |
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37 | (1) |
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3.5 Load Flow for Smart Grid Design |
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38 | (3) |
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3.5.1 Cases for the Development of Stochastic Dynamic Optimal Power Flow (DSOPF) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.6 DSOPF Application to the Smart Grid |
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41 | (2) |
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3.7 Static Security Assessment (SSA) and Contingencies |
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43 | (1) |
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3.8 Contingencies and Their Classification |
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44 | (4) |
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3.8.1 Steady-State Contingency Analysis |
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46 | (1) |
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3.8.2 Performance Indices |
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47 | (1) |
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3.8.3 Sensitivity-Based Approaches |
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48 | (1) |
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3.9 Contingency Studies for the Smart Grid |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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4 Stability Analysis Tools for Smart Grid |
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51 | (49) |
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4.1 Introduction to Stability |
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51 | (1) |
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4.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Existing Voltage Stability Analysis Tools |
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51 | (5) |
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4.3 Voltage Stability Assessment |
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56 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse |
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57 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Classification of Voltage Stability |
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58 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Static Stability (Type I Instability) |
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59 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Dynamic Stability (Type II Instability) |
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59 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Analysis Techniques for Dynamic Voltage Stability Studies |
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60 | (2) |
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4.4 Voltage Stability Assessment Techniques |
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62 | (3) |
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4.5 Voltage Stability Indexing |
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65 | (3) |
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4.6 Analysis Techniques for Steady-State Voltage Stability Studies |
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68 | (2) |
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4.6.1 Direct Methods for Detecting Voltage Collapse Points |
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69 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Indirect Methods (Continuation Methods) |
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69 | (1) |
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4.7 Application and Implementation Plan of Voltage Stability |
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70 | (1) |
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4.8 Optimizing Stability Constraint through Preventive Control of Voltage Stability |
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71 | (2) |
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4.9 Angle Stability Assessment |
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73 | (8) |
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4.9.1 Transient Stability |
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75 | (1) |
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4.9.2 Stability Application to a Practical Power System |
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76 | (1) |
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4.9.3 Boundary of the Region of Stability |
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77 | (3) |
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4.9.4 Algorithm to Find the Controlling UEP |
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80 | (1) |
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4.9.5 Process Changes in Design of DSA for the Smart Grid |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (19) |
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4.10.1 Mathematical Formulations for Weighted Least Square Estimation |
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84 | (2) |
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4.10.2 Detection and Identification of Bad Data |
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86 | (1) |
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4.10.3 Pre-Estimation Analysis |
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86 | (2) |
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4.10.4 Postestimation Analysis |
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88 | (2) |
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4.10.5 Robust State Estimation |
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90 | (4) |
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4.10.6 SE for the Smart Grid Environment |
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94 | (1) |
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4.10.7 Real-Time Network Modeling |
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95 | (1) |
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4.10.8 Approach of the Smart Grid to State Estimation |
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95 | (2) |
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4.10.9 Dynamic State Estimation |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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5 Computational Tools for Smart Grid Design |
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100 | (22) |
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5.1 Introduction to Computational Tools |
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100 | (1) |
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5.2 Decision Support Tools (DS) |
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101 | (2) |
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5.2.1 Analytical Hierarchical Programming (AHP) |
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102 | (1) |
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5.3 Optimization Techniques |
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103 | (1) |
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5.4 Classical Optimization Method |
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103 | (5) |
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103 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Nonlinear Programming |
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105 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Integer Programming |
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106 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Dynamic Programming |
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107 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Stochastic Programming and Chance Constrained Programming (CCP) |
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107 | (1) |
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5.5 Heuristic Optimization |
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108 | (4) |
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5.5.1 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) |
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109 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Expert Systems (ES) |
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111 | (1) |
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5.6 Evolutionary Computational Techniques |
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112 | (3) |
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5.6.1 Genetic Algorithm (GA) |
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112 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) |
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113 | (1) |
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5.6.3 Ant Colony Optimization |
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113 | (2) |
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5.7 Adaptive Dynamic Programming Techniques |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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5.9 Hybridizing Optimization Techniques and Applications to the Smart Grid |
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118 | (1) |
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5.10 Computational Challenges |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (3) |
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120 | (2) |
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6 Pathway for Designing Smart Grid |
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122 | (18) |
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6.1 Introduction to Smart Grid Pathway Design |
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122 | (1) |
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6.2 Barriers and Solutions to Smart Grid Development |
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122 | (3) |
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6.3 Solution Pathways for Designing Smart Grid Using Advanced Optimization and Control Techniques for Selection Functions |
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125 | (1) |
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6.4 General Level Automation |
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125 | (5) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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6.5 Bulk Power Systems Automation of the Smart Grid at Transmission Level |
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130 | (2) |
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6.5.1 Fault and Stability Diagnosis |
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131 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Reactive Power Control |
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132 | (1) |
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6.6 Distribution System Automation Requirement of the Power Grid |
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132 | (5) |
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6.6.1 Voltage/VAr Control |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (1) |
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6.6.3 Network Reconfiguration |
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136 | (1) |
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6.6.4 Demand-Side Management |
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136 | (1) |
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6.6.5 Distribution Generation Control |
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137 | (1) |
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6.7 End User/Appliance Level of the Smart Grid |
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137 | (1) |
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6.8 Applications for Adaptive Control and Optimization |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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7 Renewable Energy and Storage |
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140 | (20) |
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7.1 Renewable Energy Resources |
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140 | (1) |
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7.2 Sustainable Energy Options for the Smart Grid |
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141 | (7) |
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141 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Solar Power Technology |
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142 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Modeling PV Systems |
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142 | (2) |
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7.2.4 Wind Turbine Systems |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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7.2.6 Small and Micro Hydropower |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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7.2.8 Geothermal Heat Pumps |
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148 | (1) |
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7.3 Penetration and Variability Issues Associated with Sustainable Energy Technology |
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148 | (2) |
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7.4 Demand Response Issues |
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150 | (1) |
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7.5 Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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7.6.1 Impact of PHEV on the Grid |
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151 | (1) |
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7.7 Environmental Implications |
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152 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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7.7.2 Implications of Climate Change |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (4) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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8 Interoperability, Standards, and Cyber Security |
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160 | (16) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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8.2.1 State-of-the-Art-Interoperability |
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161 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Benefits and Challenges of Interoperability |
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161 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Model for Interoperability in the Smart Grid Environment |
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162 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Smart Grid Network Interoperability |
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162 | (1) |
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8.2.5 Interoperability and Control of the Power Grid |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Approach to Smart Grid Interoperability Standards |
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163 | (3) |
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8.4 Smart Grid Cyber Security |
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166 | (7) |
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8.4.1 Cyber Security State of the Art |
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166 | (3) |
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8.4.2 Cyber Security Risks |
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169 | (2) |
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8.4.3 Cyber Security Concerns Associated with AMI |
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171 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Mitigation Approach to Cyber Security Risks |
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171 | (2) |
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8.5 Cyber Security and Possible Operation for Improving Methodology for Other Users |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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9 Research, Education, and Training for the Smart Grid |
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176 | (8) |
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176 | (1) |
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9.2 Research Areas for Smart Grid Development |
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176 | (2) |
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9.3 Research Activities in the Smart Grid |
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178 | (1) |
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9.4 Multidisciplinary Research Activities |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (3) |
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9.5.1 Module 1: Introduction |
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180 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Module 2: Architecture |
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180 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Module 3: Functions |
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181 | (1) |
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9.5.4 Module 4: Tools and Techniques |
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181 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Module 5: Pathways to Design |
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181 | (1) |
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9.5.6 Module 6: Renewable Energy Technologies |
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181 | (1) |
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9.5.7 Module 7: Communication Technologies |
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182 | (1) |
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9.5.8 Module 8: Standards, Interoperability, and Cyber Security |
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182 | (1) |
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9.5.9 Module 9: Case Studies and Testbeds |
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182 | (1) |
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9.6 Training and Professional Development |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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10 Case Studies and Testbeds for the Smart Grid |
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184 | (16) |
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184 | (1) |
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10.2 Demonstration Projects |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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10.4 Microgrid with Renewable Energy |
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185 | (1) |
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10.5 Power System Unit Commitment (UC) Problem |
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186 | (5) |
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10.6 ADP for Optimal Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Automation |
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191 | (5) |
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10.7 Case Study of RER Integration |
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196 | (1) |
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10.7.1 Description of Smart Grid Activity |
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196 | (1) |
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10.7.2 Approach for Smart Grid Application |
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196 | (1) |
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10.8 Testbeds and Benchmark Systems |
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197 | (1) |
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10.9 Challenges of Smart Transmission |
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198 | (1) |
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10.10 Benefits of Smart Transmission |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (3) |
Index |
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