Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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1 | (6) |
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6 | (1) |
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2 Directives for Contamination Control |
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7 | (10) |
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PART I CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION |
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17 | (300) |
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19 | (51) |
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19 | (8) |
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27 | (5) |
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32 | (20) |
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32 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Genotoxic Impurities (GTIs) |
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35 | (4) |
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3.3.3 Degradation Products |
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39 | (13) |
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52 | (6) |
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58 | (12) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (5) |
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4 Medicinal Gases and Volatile Anesthetics |
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70 | (26) |
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70 | (10) |
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80 | (16) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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5 Diagnostic Imaging Agents |
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96 | (89) |
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98 | (45) |
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5.1.1 Technetium-Based Products |
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100 | (1) |
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5.1.1.1 Production of Mo-99 |
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100 | (3) |
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5.1.1.2 Generation of Tc-99m |
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103 | (4) |
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5.1.1.3 Labeling Procedures |
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107 | (6) |
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5.1.2 Iodine-Based Products |
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113 | (12) |
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5.1.3 Fluorine-Based Products |
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125 | (2) |
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5.1.3.1 [ 18F]FDG Production and Labeling |
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127 | (1) |
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5.1.3.2 Species Formed during [ 18O]H2O Irradiation |
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128 | (9) |
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5.1.3.3 Residual Solvents and Components Used in the Labeling |
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137 | (3) |
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5.1.3.4 Radiolysis Products Generated by Elevated Activity of the Labeled Compound |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (42) |
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5.2.1 Gadolinium-Based Products |
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143 | (15) |
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5.2.2 Iodine-Based Products |
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158 | (14) |
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172 | (4) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (8) |
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185 | (43) |
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185 | (14) |
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199 | (21) |
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199 | (4) |
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203 | (12) |
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6.2.3 Other Plastic Containers |
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215 | (5) |
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220 | (8) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (5) |
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228 | (31) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (3) |
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8 Delivery Systems and Filters |
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259 | (31) |
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8.1 Delivery Systems Made of PVC |
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260 | (15) |
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8.2 Delivery Systems Made of Other Plastic Materials |
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275 | (7) |
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282 | (8) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (3) |
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290 | (27) |
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293 | (7) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (6) |
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9.2 Extracorporeal Circuits |
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300 | (7) |
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9.3 Devices for Administration of Aerosolized Drugs |
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307 | (1) |
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9.4 Reprocessed Medical Devices |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (8) |
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9.5.1 Skin Substitutes and Surgical Dressings |
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310 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Hard Tissue Substitutes |
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310 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Soft Tissue Substitutes |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (4) |
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PART II PHYSICAL CONTAMINATION |
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317 | (32) |
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319 | (30) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (4) |
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PART III MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION |
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349 | (84) |
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11 Microbiological and Endotoxin Contamination |
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351 | (82) |
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355 | (6) |
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361 | (6) |
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367 | (26) |
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11.3.1 Single- and Multiple-Dose Products |
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368 | (3) |
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11.3.2 Parenteral Nutrition (PN) |
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371 | (7) |
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378 | (6) |
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11.3.4 Ophthalmic Products |
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384 | (9) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (12) |
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395 | (3) |
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398 | (3) |
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401 | (5) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (6) |
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11.8 Nosocomial Infections |
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413 | (20) |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (11) |
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433 | (100) |
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12 Contamination from Sterilization Procedures |
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435 | (77) |
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12.1 Residuals from Radiation Sterilization |
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437 | (46) |
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12.1.1 Radiolysis of Water |
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438 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Drug Products |
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439 | (1) |
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12.1.3 Polymers in Drug Delivery |
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440 | (3) |
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12.1.3.1 Polylactide (PLA) and Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) |
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443 | (5) |
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448 | (1) |
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12.1.3.3 Cellulose and Other Polysaccharides |
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448 | (2) |
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450 | (1) |
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12.1.4 Radiolysis of Selected Nondrug Components |
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450 | (1) |
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12.1.4.1 Residual Solvents |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (3) |
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12.1.5 Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Materials Used in Packaging and in Medical Devices |
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454 | (2) |
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12.1.5.1 Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) |
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456 | (2) |
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12.1.5.2 Polyurethane (PU) |
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458 | (6) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (2) |
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12.1.5.5 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) |
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466 | (2) |
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12.1.5.6 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) |
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468 | (1) |
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12.1.5.7 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) |
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468 | (2) |
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12.1.5.8 Polyethylene (PE) |
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470 | (3) |
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12.1.5.9 Polypropylene (PP) |
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473 | (5) |
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12.1.5.10 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) |
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478 | (1) |
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12.1.5.11 Polystyrene (PS) |
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478 | (1) |
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12.1.5.12 Polysulfone (PSf) |
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478 | (2) |
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12.1.5.13 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) |
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480 | (2) |
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12.1.5.14 Multilayer Materials |
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482 | (1) |
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483 | (3) |
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12.3 Residuals from Chemical Disinfection and Sterilization Agents |
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486 | (26) |
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12.3.1 Ethylene Oxide (EtO) |
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487 | (7) |
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12.3.2 Peracetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide |
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494 | (3) |
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497 | (6) |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (8) |
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13 Biotechnological Products |
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512 | (21) |
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13.1 DNA and HCP Residuals |
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516 | (1) |
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13.2 Viruses and Mycoplasma |
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516 | (2) |
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518 | (4) |
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522 | (2) |
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524 | (9) |
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530 | (1) |
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530 | (3) |
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Appendix Polymeric Materials: Components, Additives, Extractables, and Degradation Products |
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533 | (22) |
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553 | (2) |
Index |
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555 | |