Foreword |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
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1 The Application of Spatial Analysis to Coastal Environments |
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1 | (30) |
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1.1 Geographical Foundations of Spatial Analysis |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Definition of Spatial Analysis: Academic and Analytical Origins |
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1 | (3) |
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1.3 Location Matters in Coastal Environments: Place and Space |
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4 | (2) |
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1.4 Spatial Processes in Coastal Environments |
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6 | (3) |
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1.5 When Is It Desirable to Conduct Spatial Analysis for Coastal Management and Research? |
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9 | (1) |
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1.6 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Analysis |
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10 | (2) |
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1.7 A Disciplinary Framework for Coastal Spatial Analysis |
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12 | (1) |
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1.8 The Coastal Environment and Geospatial Analysis |
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13 | (3) |
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1.9 Landscape Ecology and Coastal Morphodynamics |
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16 | (6) |
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1.10 Unique Challenges to the Conduct of Spatial Analysis in Coastal Environments |
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22 | (2) |
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1.11 Directional Dependence and the Coastline |
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24 | (2) |
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1.12 Coastal Management Questions for Which Geospatial Analysis Offers Insight |
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26 | (2) |
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1.13 A Framework for Applying Spatial Analysis to Coastal Environments: Mapping, Monitoring and Modelling |
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28 | (2) |
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1.14 Summary of Key Points: Chapter 1 |
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30 | (1) |
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2 The Nature of Spatial Data |
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31 | (27) |
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2.1 The Spatial Data Matrix as a Structure for Storing Geographic Information |
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31 | (2) |
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2.2 Reference Systems, Projections and Datums |
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33 | (3) |
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2.3 Precursors to the Collection of Spatial Data: Conceptualisation and Representation |
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36 | (1) |
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2.4 Basic Data Structures: Raster and Vector Datasets |
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37 | (4) |
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2.5 Sources of Spatial Data |
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41 | (2) |
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2.6 The Different Levels of Measurement |
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43 | (3) |
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2.7 Spatial Data Quality in the Coastal Zone |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (2) |
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2.9 The Collection of Spatial Referencing Information |
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50 | (2) |
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2.10 Applications of GPS Technology in the Coastal Zone |
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52 | (1) |
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2.11 Sampling Spatial Patterns of Coastal Phenomena |
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53 | (2) |
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2.12 Topology and Database Structures for Storing Spatial Data |
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55 | (2) |
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2.13 Summary of Key Points: Chapter 2 |
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57 | (1) |
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3 Basic Geographical Analysis With Spatial Information in Coastal Environments |
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58 | (27) |
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3.1 Basic Geometric Operations With Spatial Data |
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58 | (1) |
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3.2 Linking Data Through Spatial and Attribute Joins |
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59 | (1) |
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3.3 Visualising and Exploring Spatial Point Patterns |
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60 | (11) |
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3.4 Line Analysis: Networks |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.6 Trend Surface Analysis |
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73 | (1) |
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3.7 Analysis of Grids and Raster Surfaces |
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73 | (4) |
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3.8 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis With Multiple Spatial Datasets |
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77 | (1) |
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3.9 A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of the Risk of Injury From Rock Falls at Worbarrow Bay, Dorset, UK |
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78 | (1) |
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3.10 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) |
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79 | (5) |
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3.11 Summary of Key Points: Chapter 3 |
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84 | (1) |
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4 Mapping Coastal Environments |
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85 | (41) |
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85 | (1) |
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4.2 Why Map Coastal Environments? |
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85 | (1) |
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4.3 The Historical Importance of Coastal Mapping: Marie Tharp |
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86 | (2) |
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4.4 Defining Areas to Be Mapped |
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88 | (3) |
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4.5 Traditional Field-Based Approaches to Mapping Coastal Environments |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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4.7 Optical Remote Sensing of Shallow Marine Environments |
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93 | (1) |
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4.8 Sensor Specification for Mapping Coastal Environments |
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94 | (4) |
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4.9 Optical Satellite and Airborne Images for Coastal Mapping |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (6) |
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4.11 Fieldwork for Mapping Coastal Environments |
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106 | (5) |
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4.12 Mapping From Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) |
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111 | (2) |
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4.13 Mapping in Three Dimensions: the Importance of Bathymetry |
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113 | (6) |
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4.14 Mapping the Low Isles, Great Barrier Reef, Australia |
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119 | (5) |
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4.15 Summary of Key Points: Chapter 4 |
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124 | (2) |
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5 Monitoring Coastal Environments |
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126 | (28) |
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5.1 Monitoring Change Over Time |
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126 | (1) |
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5.2 Observing Change Over Time |
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127 | (3) |
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5.3 Sources of Historical Baseline Information |
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130 | (1) |
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5.4 Techniques for Measuring Change Over Time |
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131 | (4) |
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5.5 Constructing Change Matrices From Vegetation Maps of Aldabra Atoll |
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135 | (4) |
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5.6 Monitoring Shoreline Changes From Aerial Photographs |
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139 | (4) |
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5.7 Shoreline Changes on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, USA |
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143 | (2) |
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5.8 Assessing Volumetric Changes From Digital Elevation Models |
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145 | (1) |
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5.9 Some Pitfalls in the Spatial Analysis of Change |
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146 | (7) |
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5.10 Summary of Key Points: Chapter 5 |
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153 | (1) |
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6 Geostatistical Analysis of Coastal Environments |
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154 | (32) |
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6.1 Global and Local Geostatistics |
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154 | (2) |
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6.2 Spatial Autocorrelation: a Fundamental Property of Spatial Datasets |
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156 | (1) |
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6.3 Why Measure and Account for Spatial Autocorrelation? |
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157 | (1) |
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6.4 Measuring Spatial Autocorrelation |
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158 | (2) |
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6.5 Functions That Describe Spatial Structure |
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160 | (4) |
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6.6 The Spatial Weights Matrix |
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164 | (1) |
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6.7 What Does Spatial Autocorrelation Mean for the Analysis of Coastal Environments? |
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165 | (3) |
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6.8 Measuring the Dimensions of Spatial Autocorrelation |
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168 | (1) |
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6.9 Incorporating Autocorrelation Into Coastal Models |
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168 | (3) |
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6.10 Guiding the Design (e.g. Spatial Dimensions) of Sampling Schemes |
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171 | (1) |
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6.11 Four Practical Reasons to Measure Spatial Autocorrelation Along the Rocky Shores of the Northwestern Mediterranean |
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172 | (6) |
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6.12 Interpolation to Estimate Unknown Values From Sampled Point Locations |
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178 | (6) |
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6.13 Summary of Key Points: Chapter 6 |
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184 | (2) |
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7 Modelling Coastal Environments |
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186 | (26) |
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7.1 What Is a Model and Why Model Coastal Environments? |
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186 | (2) |
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7.2 Four Stages of Spatial Model Development: Observation, Measurement, Experimentation and Theory Development |
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188 | (3) |
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7.3 Structure vs Function: a Framework for Modelling Coastal Environments |
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191 | (2) |
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7.4 Measuring and Modelling Coastal Processes |
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193 | (6) |
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7.5 Developing Spatial Models |
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199 | (5) |
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7.6 The Use of Regression in Spatial Analysis: a Brief Background |
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204 | (3) |
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7.7 Explanatory and Predictive Modelling of Live Coral Cover Around Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia |
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207 | (4) |
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7.8 Summary of Key Points: Chapter 7 |
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211 | (1) |
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8 Addressing Uncertainty in the Spatial Analysis of Coastal Environments |
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212 | (22) |
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8.1 What Is Uncertainty in Spatial Analysis? |
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212 | (1) |
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8.2 Sources of Error in Spatial Analysis |
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213 | (2) |
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8.3 Measuring the Length of Britain: the Influence of Scale on Uncertainty |
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215 | (1) |
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8.4 Evaluating Uncertainty in Spatial Analysis |
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215 | (2) |
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8.5 Non-Geographic Approaches to the Evaluation of Uncertainty |
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217 | (4) |
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8.6 Geographic Approaches to the Evaluation of Uncertainty |
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221 | (1) |
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8.7 Mapping Residuals to Visualise the Spatial Distribution of Uncertainty |
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222 | (1) |
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8.8 How Mapping Residuals Can Help Model Specification: an Example of Vegetation |
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222 | (2) |
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8.9 Mapping Confidence Intervals |
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224 | (1) |
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8.10 Geographically Weighted Regression of Spatial Error |
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225 | (3) |
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8.11 Approaches to Digital Map Validation |
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228 | (2) |
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8.12 Evaluating the Uncertainty of Tsunami Inundation Maps: the Vulnerability of Manhattan, New York |
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230 | (3) |
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8.13 Summary of Key Points: Chapter 8 |
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233 | (1) |
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9 Communicating and Incorporating the Results of Spatial Analysis Successfully |
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234 | (14) |
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9.1 Can Science Solve the World's Problems? |
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234 | (1) |
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9.2 The Power of Maps and Spatial Analysis |
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235 | (1) |
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9.3 Critical Thinking, Interpretation and Responsible Communication of Spatial Analysis Results |
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236 | (1) |
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9.4 Principles of Digital Map Design and Graphical Representation Techniques |
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237 | (4) |
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9.5 Incorporating the Results of Spatial Analysis Into Organisational Practice |
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241 | (1) |
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9.6 Driving Innovation in Web-Based GIS and Online Mapping: Google Earth |
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242 | (2) |
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9.7 Web Atlases and Tools for Online Mapping |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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9.9 Summary of Key Points: Chapter 9 |
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247 | (1) |
Glossary |
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248 | (14) |
References |
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262 | (23) |
Index |
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285 | |