Preface |
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xiii | |
Contributors |
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xv | |
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1 Introduction to UAV Systems |
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1 | (25) |
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1.1 Introduction to UAV Types and Missions |
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2 | (14) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (2) |
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1.2 UAV Swarming and Miniaturization |
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16 | (1) |
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1.3 UAV Miniaturization: Challenges and Opportunities |
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17 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Aerodynamic Efficiency |
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19 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Other Design Challenges |
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19 | (1) |
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1.4 UAV Networks and Their Advantages |
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19 | (6) |
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1.4.1 Unique Features of Airborne Networks |
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22 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Mobility Models for UAV Networks |
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22 | (1) |
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1.4.3 State of the art in UAV Networks |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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2 Air-to-Ground and Air-to-Air Data Link Communication |
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26 | (19) |
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2.1 Air-to-Ground Communication for Manned Aviation |
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26 | (6) |
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2.1.1 Radar for Ground-based Aircraft Identification |
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27 | (3) |
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2.1.2 Distance and Direction Measurements Beyond Radar |
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30 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Instrument Landing System for Precise Localization |
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31 | (1) |
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2.1.4 Voice Communication between Air and Ground |
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31 | (1) |
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2.2 Modernization of Aerial Communication for Future Growth |
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32 | (3) |
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2.2.1 Modern Surveillance and Navigation |
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32 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Digital Communication for ATM |
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33 | (2) |
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2.3 Practical UAV and MUAV Data Links |
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35 | (2) |
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2.3.1 Control and Telemetry |
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36 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Payload or Application Data Communication |
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36 | (1) |
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2.4 Analysis of Terrestrial Wireless Broadband Solutions for UAV Links |
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37 | (7) |
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2.4.1 Single Antenna UAV System Analysis |
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38 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Multiple Antenna UAV Air-to-Air Link Analysis |
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38 | (3) |
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2.4.3 Multiple Antenna UAV Air-to-Ground Link Analysis |
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41 | (3) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (13) |
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45 | (1) |
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3.2 Aerial Network Characteristics |
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46 | (3) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Payload and Flight Time Constraints |
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48 | (1) |
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3.3 Communication Demands of Autonomous Aerial Networks |
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49 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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3.4 Quantitative Communication Requirements |
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51 | (1) |
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3.5 Aerial Wi-Fi Networks: Results from Existing Real-World Measurements |
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52 | (4) |
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3.5.1 Network Architecture |
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52 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Experimental Results |
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54 | (2) |
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3.6 Conclusions and Outlook |
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56 | (2) |
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4 Disruption-Tolerant Airborne Networks and Protocols |
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58 | (38) |
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58 | (1) |
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4.2 Airborne Network Environment |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Traditional Internet Protocols |
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62 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Mobile Wireless Network Protocols |
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65 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Transportation Network Protocols |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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4.4 Aeronautical Protocol Architecture |
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70 | (12) |
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4.4.1 AeroTP: TCP-Friendly Transport Protocol |
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71 | (5) |
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4.4.2 AeroNP: IP-Compatible Network Protocol |
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76 | (2) |
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4.4.3 AeroRP: Location-Aware Routing Algorithm |
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78 | (4) |
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4.5 Performance Evaluation |
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82 | (13) |
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4.5.1 AeroTP Simulation Results |
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82 | (6) |
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4.5.2 AeroRP and AeroNP Simulation Results |
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88 | (7) |
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95 | (1) |
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5 UAV Systems and Networks: Emulation and Field Demonstration |
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96 | (24) |
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5.1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Platform Systems |
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96 | (11) |
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5.1.1 UAV Platform System |
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97 | (2) |
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5.1.2 UAV Autopilot Control System |
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99 | (3) |
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5.1.3 UAV Communication System |
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102 | (1) |
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5.1.4 UAV Monitoring System |
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103 | (2) |
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5.1.5 UAV System Integration and Safety |
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105 | (2) |
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5.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Networked Systems |
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107 | (10) |
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5.2.1 UAV Internetworking Operational Concept (CONOPS) |
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107 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Network Configuration |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (2) |
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5.2.5 Network Systems Integration |
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112 | (3) |
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5.2.6 Field Demonstration and Analysis |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (2) |
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6 Integrating UAS into the NAS -- Regulatory, Technical, and Research Challenges |
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120 | (40) |
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6.1 Regulatory Framework For Civil Aviation -- Past and Present |
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120 | (6) |
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6.1.1 Airworthiness Certification |
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121 | (3) |
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6.1.2 Regulations for Continuing Airworthiness |
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124 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Certification for Crew and Operators |
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124 | (2) |
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6.2 Regulatory Bodies and UAS Legislation -- Present and Future |
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126 | (11) |
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6.2.1 European Union (EU) |
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127 | (4) |
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6.2.2 United States of America |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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6.3 Standards Organizations |
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137 | (3) |
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6.3.1 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) |
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137 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics: SC-228 |
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138 | (1) |
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6.3.3 European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment: WG 73AVG 93 |
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139 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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6.4 Social Implications -- Privacy and Security |
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140 | (5) |
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140 | (5) |
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6.5 Gaps between Regulatory Needs and Technical State-of-the-Art |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (13) |
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147 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Minimum Transmission Range Needed by the UAVs to Keep the Airborne Backbone Network Connected at all Times |
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147 | (7) |
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6.6.3 Minimum Number of UAVs Needed to Monitor all Suspect Mobile Targets at all Times |
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154 | (4) |
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6.6.4 Modified Minimum Flow Problem |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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7 Safety, Security, and Privacy Aspects in UAV Networks |
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160 | (17) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Automatic Dependent Surveillance -- Broadcast (ADS-B) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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7.2.3 ADS-B Versus FLARM for Gliders |
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163 | (1) |
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7.2.4 L-Band Digital Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS) |
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164 | (1) |
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7.2.5 Aeronautical Mobile Aircraft Communication System (AeroMACS) |
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164 | (1) |
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7.2.6 Self-organized Airborne Network (SOAN) |
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164 | (2) |
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7.2.7 Beyond the Radio Line of Sight (BRLoS) |
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166 | (1) |
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7.2.8 Benefits of Self-organized Airborne Networks |
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166 | (1) |
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7.3 Privacy on the Ground |
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166 | (2) |
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7.3.1 Fourth Amendment in the Context of UAVs |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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7.5 Security Requirements at UAV Level |
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169 | (3) |
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7.6 Security Requirements at UAV Network Level |
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172 | (3) |
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7.6.1 Security Requirements for Standalone Swarms |
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173 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Security Requirements in Ground-Controlled UAV Fleets |
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174 | (1) |
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7.7 Ongoing Research and Products Related to UAV Security |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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8 Collaboration Between Autonomous Drones and Swarming |
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177 | (17) |
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8.1 Introduction and Background |
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177 | (1) |
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8.2 Why Use Swarms of Unmanned Aerial Systems? |
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178 | (5) |
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8.2.1 Continuous Flight/Mission |
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179 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Increased Mission Flexibility |
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180 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Increased Capabilities |
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181 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Additional Features |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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8.3 Major Issues and Research Directions |
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183 | (9) |
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8.3.1 Localization, Proximity Detection, and Positioning |
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183 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Man Swarm Interaction |
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186 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Degraded Mode of Operation |
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187 | (2) |
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8.3.4 Safety and Legal Issues |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (2) |
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9 Real-World Applications |
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194 | (20) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (10) |
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9.2.1 Aerial Wildlife Counts |
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195 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Raven RQ-11A Small Unmanned Aircraft System |
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196 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Using the Raven RQ-11A sUAS to Estimate the Abundance of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) at Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado, USA |
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198 | (3) |
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9.2.4 Evaluation of the Raven sUAS to Detect Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) on Leks, Middle Park, Colorado, USA |
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201 | (3) |
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9.3 Enabling Emergency Communications |
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204 | (9) |
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9.3.1 Aerial Base Stations |
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204 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Cyber Physical System Perspective |
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205 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Scientific and Engineering Challenges |
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206 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Disaster Response and Emergency Communications |
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207 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Research Challenges |
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208 | (2) |
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9.3.6 Deriving Theoretical Models |
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210 | (3) |
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213 | (1) |
References |
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214 | (28) |
Index |
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242 | |