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E-raamat: Western Philosophy: An Anthology

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The new edition of this celebrated anthology surveys the Western philosophical tradition from its origins in ancient Greece to the work of today’s leading philosophers 

Western Philosophy: An Anthology&;provides&;an authoritative guided tour through the great tradition of Western philosophical thought. The seminal writings of the great philosophers along with more recent readings of contemporary interest are explored in 144 substantial and carefully chosen extracts, each preceded by a lucid introduction, guiding readers through the history of a diverse range of key arguments, and explaining how important theories fit into the unfolding story of Western philosophical inquiry. Broad in scope, the anthology covers all the main branches of philosophy: theory of knowledge and metaphysics, logic and language, philosophy of mind, the self and freedom, religion&;and science, moral philosophy, political theory, aesthetics, and the meaning of life, all in self-contained parts which can be worked on by students and instructors independently.  

The third edition of the&;Anthology&;contains newly incorporated classic texts from thinkers such as Aquinas, Machiavelli, Descartes, William James, and Wittgenstein.&;Each of the 144 individual extracts is now followed by&;sample&;questions focusing on the key philosophical problems raised by the excerpt,&;and&;accompanied by&;detailed further reading suggestions that include up-to-date links to online resources.&;Also new to this edition is an&;introductory essay written by John Cottingham, which offers advice to students on&;how to read&;and write about&;a philosophical text.  

Part of the&;Blackwell Philosophy&;Anthologies&;series,&;Western Philosophy: An Anthology, Third Edition&;remains an indispensable collection of classic source materials&;and expert insights&;for both&;beginning and advanced&;university&;students in a wide range of philosophy courses. 

Preface xv
Acknowledgements xxi
Guidance for Readers and Format of the Volume xxviii
Introductory Essay: How to Read a Philosophical Text and How to Write about It xxxi
Part I Knowledge and Certainty 1(73)
1 Innate Knowledge
Meno
3(9)
Plato
2 Knowledge versus Opinion
Republic
12 (7)
Plato
3 Demonstrative Knowledge and Its Starting points
Posterior Analytics
19(3)
Aristotle
4 New Foundations for Knowledge
Meditations
22(6)
Rene Descartes
5 The Senses as the Basis of Knowledge
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
28(6)
John Locke
6 Innate Knowledge Defended
New Essays on Human Understanding
34(5)
Gottfried Leibniz
7 Scepticism versus Human Nature
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
39(5)
David Hume
8 Experience and Understanding
Critique of Pure Reason
44(4)
Immanuel Kant
9 From Sense-certainty to Self-consciousness
Phenomenology of Spirit
48(6)
Georg Hegel
10 Beliefs Judged by Their Practical Effects
What Pragmatism Means
54(7)
William James
11 Against Scepticism
A Defence of Common Sense
61(7)
G.E. Moore
12 Does Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation?
The Myth of the Given
68(8)
Wilfrid Sellars
Part II Being and Reality 74(76)
1 The Allegory of the Cave
Republic
76(7)
Plato
2 Individual Substance
Categories
83(4)
Aristotle
3 Supreme Being and Created Things
Principles of Philosophy
87(7)
Rene Descartes
4 Qualities and Ideas
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
94(5)
John Locke
5 Substance, Life and Activity
New System
99(6)
Gottfried Leibniz
6 Nothing Outside the Mind
Principles of Human Knowledge
105(6)
George Berkeley
7 The Limits of Metaphysical Speculation
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
111(6)
David Hume
8 Metaphysics, Old and New
Prolegomena
117(8)
Immanuel Kant
9 Reality as Flux
Process and Reality, and Science and the Modern World
125(6)
Alfred Whitehead
10 Being and Involvement
Being and Time
131(7)
Martin Heidegger
11 The End of Metaphysics?
The Elimination of Metaphysics
138(6)
Rudolf Carnap
12 The Problem of Ontology
On What There Is
144(8)
W.V.O. Quine
Part III Language and Meaning 150(64)
1 The Meanings of Words
Cratylus
152(8)
Plato
2 Language and Its Acquisition
Confessions
160(2)
Augustine
3 Thought, Language and Its Components
Writings on Logic
162(4)
William of Ockham
4 Language, Reason and Animal Utterance
Discourse on the Method
166(3)
Rene Descartes
5 Abstract General Ideas
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
169(4)
John Locke
6 Particular Ideas and General Meaning
Principles of Human Knowledge
173(5)
George Berkeley
7 Denotation versus Connotation
A System of Logic
178(5)
John Stuart Mill
8 Names and Their Meaning
Sense and Reference
183(5)
Gottlob Frege
9 Definite and Indefinite Descriptions
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
188(6)
Bertrand Russell
10 Meaning and Use
The Blue and Brown Books
194(8)
Ludwig Wittgenstein
11 Non-descriptive Uses of Language
Performative Utterances
202(5)
J.L. Austin
12 How the Reference of Terms is Fixed
Naming and Necessity
207(9)
Saul Kripke
Part IV Mind and Body 214(76)
1 The Immortal Soul
Phaedo
216(7)
Plato
2 Soul and Body, Form and Matter
De Anima
223(5)
Aristotle
3 The Human Soul
Summa Theologiae
228(8)
Thomas Aquinas
4 The Non-material Mind or Soul and Its Relation to the Body
Discourse and Meditations
236(6)
Rene Descartes
5 The Identity of Mind and Body
Ethics
242(4)
Benedict Spinoza
6 Mind-Body Correlations
Dialogues on Metaphysics
246(6)
Nicolas Malebranche
7 Body and Mind as Manifestations of Will
The World as Will and Idea
252(5)
Arthur Schopenhauer
8 The Problem of Other Minds
An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy
257(6)
John Stuart Mill
9 The Hallmarks of Mental Phenomena
Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
263(7)
Franz Brentano
10 The Myth of the 'Ghost in the Machine'
The Concept of Mind
270(5)
Gilbert Ryle
11 Mental States as Functional States
Psychological Predicates
275(8)
Hilary Putnam
12 The Subjective Dimension of Consciousness
What is it Like to be a Bat?
283(9)
Thomas Nagel
Part V The Self and Freedom 290(73)
a The Self
1 The Self and Consciousness
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
292(6)
John Locke
2 The Self as Primitive Concept
Of Personal Identity
298(5)
Joseph Butler
3 The Self as Bundle
A Treatise of Human Nature
303(6)
David Hume
4 The Partly Hidden Self
Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
309(6)
Sigmund Freud
5 Liberation from the Self
Reasons and Persons
315(7)
Derek Parfit
6 Selfhood and Narrative Understanding
Sources of the Self
322(6)
Charles Taylor
b Freedom
7 Human Freedom and Divine Providence
The City of God
328(5)
Augustine
8 Freedom to Do What We Want
Liberty, Necessity and Chance
333(6)
Thomas Hobbes
9 Free Will as the Power of Rational Agency
Essays on the Active Powers of Man
339(7)
Thomas Reid
10 Absolute Determinism
Philosophical Essay on Probability
346(3)
Pierre-Simon de Laplace
11 Condemned to Be Free
Being and Nothingness
349(6)
Jean-Paul Sartre
12 Freedom, Responsibility and the Ability to Do Otherwise
Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility
355(10)
Harry G. Frankfurt
Part VI God and Religion 363(69)
1 God Cannot Be Thought Not to Exist
Proslogion
365(3)
Anselm of Canterbury
2 The Five Proofs of God
Summa Theologiae
368(4)
Thomas Aquinas
3 God as Source of My Idea of the Infinite
Meditations
372(6)
Rene Descartes
4 God's Existence Derived from His Nature or Essence
Meditations
378(4)
Rene Descartes
5 The Wager
Pensees
382(4)
Blaise Pascal
6 The Problem of Evil
Theodicy
386(6)
Gottfried Leibniz
7 The Argument from Design
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
392(6)
David Hume
8 Against Miracles
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
398(7)
David Hume
9 Faith and Subjectivity
Concluding Unscientific Postscript
405(7)
Soren Kierkegaard
10 Reason, Passion and the Religious Hypothesis
The Will to Believe
412(6)
William James
11 The Meaning of Religious Language
Gods
418(7)
John Wisdom
12 Many Paths to the Same Ultimate Reality?
Problems of Religious Pluralism
425(9)
John Hick
Part VII Science and Method 432(78)
1 Four Types of Explanation
Physics
434(3)
Aristotle
2 Experimental Methods and True Causes
Novum Organum
437(7)
Francis Bacon
3 Mathematical Science and the Control of Nature
Discourse on the Method
444(6)
Rene Descartes
4 The Limits of Scientific Explanation
On Motion
450(6)
George Berkeley
5 The Problem of Induction
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
456(6)
David Hume
6 The Relation Between Cause and Effect
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
462(6)
David Hume
7 Causality and our Experience of Events
Critique of Pure Reason
468(5)
Immanuel Kant
8 The Uniformity of Nature
System of Logic
473(6)
John Stuart Mill
9 Science and Falsifiability
Conjectures and Refutations
479(7)
Karl Popper
10 How Explaining Works
Explanation in Science and History
486(10)
Carl G. Hempel
11 Scientific Realism Versus Instrumentalism
The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities
496(7)
Grover Maxwell
12 Change and Crisis in Science
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
503(9)
Thomas Kuhn
Part VIII Morality and the Good Life 510(73)
1 Morality and Happiness
Republic
512(6)
Plato
2 Ethical Virtue
Nicomachean Ethics
518(4)
Aristotle
3 Morality and Natural Law
Summa Theologiae
522(6)
Aquinas
4 Virtue, Reason and the Passions
Ethics
528(5)
Benedict Spinoza
5 Human Feeling as the Source of Ethics
Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
533(7)
David Hume
6 Duty and Reason as the Ultimate Principle
Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
540(6)
Immanuel Kant
7 Happiness as the Foundation of Morality
Utilitarianism
546(6)
John Stuart Mill
8 Utility and Common-sense Morality
Methods of Ethics
552(7)
Henry Sidgwick
9 Against Conventional Morality
Beyond Good and Evil
559(6)
Friedrich Nietzsche
10 Duty and Intuition
The Right and the Good
565(6)
W.D. Ross
11 Ethics as Rooted in History and Culture
After Virtue
571(6)
Alasdair MacIntyre
12 Could Ethics Be Objective?
Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy
577(8)
Bernard Williams
Part IX Problems in Ethics 583(71)
1 Inequality, Freedom and Slavery
Politics
585(5)
Aristotle
2 War and Justice
Summa Theologiae
590(3)
Thomas Aquinas
3 Taking One's Own Life
On Suicide
593(6)
David Hume
4 Gender, Liberty and Equality
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
599(5)
Mary Wollstonecraft
5 Partiality and Favouritism
Enquiry Concerning Political Justice
604(4)
William Godwin
6 The Status of Non-human Animals
Lectures on Ethics
608(3)
Immanuel Kant
7 The Purpose of Punishment
Principles of Morals and Legislation
611(7)
Jeremy Bentham
8 Our Relationship to the Environment
The Land Ethic
618(6)
Aldo Leopold
9 Abortion and Rights
624 (8)
A Defense of Abortion
Judith Jarvis Thomson
The Wrong of Abortion
Patrick Lee
Robert P. George
10 The Relief of Global Suffering
Famine, Affluence and Morality
632(6)
Peter Singer
11 Medical Ethics and the Termination of Life
Active and Passive Euthanasia
638(6)
James Rachels
12 Cloning, Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering
The Wisdom of Repugnance
644(12)
Leon R. Kass
Part X Authority and the State 654(77)
1 Our Obligation to Respect the Laws of the State
Crito
656(5)
Plato
2 The Just Ruler
On Princely Government
661(4)
Thomas Aquinas
3 Power and Control
The Prince
665(7)
Niccole Machiavelli
4 Sovereignty and Security
Leviathan
672(6)
Thomas Hobbes
5 Consent and Political Obligation
Second Treatise of Civil Government
678(6)
John Locke
6 Against Contractarianism
Of the Original Contract
684(6)
David Hume
7 Society and the Individual
The Social Contract
690(7)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
8 The Unified State - From Individual Desire to Rational Self-Determination
The Philosophy of Right
697(6)
Georg Hegel
9 Property, Labour and Alienation
The German Ideology
703(7)
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
10 The Limits of Majority Rule
On Liberty
710(6)
John Stuart Mill
11 Rational Choice and Fairness
A Theory of Justice
716(7)
John Rawls
12 The Minimal State
Anarchy, State and Utopia
723(10)
Robert Nozick
Part XI Beauty and Art 731(77)
1 Art and Imitation
Republic
733(6)
Plato
2 The Nature and Function of Dramatic Art
Poetics
739(6)
Aristotle
3 The Idea of Beauty
Inquiry Concerning Beauty, Order, Harmony, Design
745(5)
Francis Hutcheson
4 Aesthetic Appreciation
Of the Standard of Taste
750(7)
David Hume
5 The Concept of the Beautiful
Critique of Judgement
757(6)
Immanuel Kant
6 The Metaphysics of Beauty
On Aesthetics
763(6)
Arthur Schopenhauer
7 The Two Faces of Art
The Birth of Tragedy
769(7)
Friedrich Nietzsche
8 The Value of Art
What Is Art?
776(5)
Leo Tolstoy
9 Imagination and Art
The Psychology of Imagination
781(7)
Jean-Paul Sartre
10 What Is Aesthetics?
Lectures on Aesthetics
788(5)
Ludwig Wittgenstein
11 The Meaning of a Literary Work
The Intentional Fallacy
793(8)
W.K. Wimsatt Jr
M.C. Beardsley
12 The Basis of Judgements of Taste
Aesthetic Concepts
801(9)
Frank Sibley
Part XII Human Life and Its Meaning 808(65)
1 How to Accept Reality and Avoid Fear
On the Nature of the Universe
810(4)
Lucretius
2 Life Guided by Stoic Philosophy
Moral Letters
814(4)
Seneca
3 Meaning through Service to Others
Confessions
818(3)
Augustine
4 Contentment with the Human Lot
On Experience
821(5)
Michel de Montaigne
5 The Human Condition, Wretched yet Redeemable
Pensees
826(5)
Blaise Pascal
6 Human Life as a Meaningless Struggle
On the Vanity of Existence
831(5)
Arthur Schopenhauer
7 The Death of God and the Ascendancy of the Will
Thus Spake Zarathustra
836(5)
Friedrich Nietzsche
8 Idealism in a Godless Universe
A Free Man's Worship
841(7)
Bertrand Russell
9 Futility and Defiance
The Myth of Sisyphus
848(3)
Albert Camus
10 Involvement versus Detachment
The Absurd
851(10)
Thomas Nagel
11 Religious Belief as Necessary for Meaning
The Absurdity of Life without God
861(7)
William Lane Craig
12 Seeing Our Lives as Part of the Process
Philosophy's Life
868(5)
Robert Nozick
Background Reading and Reference 873(6)
Notes on the Philosophers 879(19)
Index 898
JOHN COTTINGHAM is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Reading, and an Honorary Fellow of St Johns College, Oxford University. He is the author of numerous books including Descartes, The Rationalists, On the Meaning of Life, and In Search of the Soul. He is co-translator of The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, and has published numerous articles on the history of philosophy, moral philosophy, and the philosophy of religion. Professor Cottingham is former Chairman of the British Society for the History of Philosophy and President of the British Society for the Philosophy of Religion, and was for many years editor of Ratio, the international journal of analytic philosophy.