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E-raamat: Striving for Military Stability in Europe

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Striving for Military Stability in EuropeSuurem pilt
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This new book traces the changing relationship between Russia and NATO through the prism of conventional arms control, and focuses on the negotiation, implementation and adaptation of the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty.

It shows that arms control agreements reflect rather than affect relations between parties and how the CFE Treaty codified parity between NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) in November 1990. It also shows how the CFE Treaty reflected the status quo at the end of the cold war, but the benefits were short lived, at least for Russia. Although still widely viewed in the west as the cornerstone of security and stability in post-Cold War Europe, from the Russian perspective the treaty was soon overtaken by events. With the collapse of the WTO and the Soviet Union in 1991, it became impossible to talk of a military balance between east and west in Europe, especially as all the former WTO states opted for membership in NATO. This study details how the other state parties worked hard to adjust and adapt the treaty to meet Russian concerns about its new weakness relative to NATO, and the issues that complicated Russian acceptance of CFE limits.

This book will be of great interest to all students of NATO, European politics, international relations and strategic studies in general.
List of illustrations ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiv
Acronyms xv
PART I Background to the formal CFE negotiation 1
1 Arms control as a barometer of European politics
3
I Introduction
3
II Cold war asymmetries
5
III Background to the CFE negotiation
8
2 Negotiating the CFE mandate
15
I Introduction
15
II The issue of participation
15
III Defining the force categories to be limited
18
IV Defining the area of application
27
V Associated measures
29
VI The importance of Mikhail Gorbachev
32
PART II Negotiating the treaty and assessing its impact 35
3 Formal negotiations: March 1989 to November 1990
37
I Introduction
37
II NATO attitudes
37
III The new Soviet approach to arms control
38
IV Seven rounds of formal negotiations
40
V Resolving the key issues
44
VI Conclusion
69
4 German singularity, nuclear modernization and the CFE-1A Agreement on personnel
70
I Introduction
70
II Nuclear modernization?
70
III The debate on manpower at CFE 1989-90
71
IV The debate on German unification
73
V Formal CFE-1A negotiations
78
PART III Ratification problems 83
5 Resolving the discrepancies in Soviet data, 1990-91
85
I Introduction
85
II The four areas of contention
86
III General Moiseyev to the rescue
93
6 The dissolution of the USSR, 1991-92
98
I Introduction
98
II The Baltic states opt out of the CFE regime
99
III The collapse of the USSR
102
IV From the USSR to the CIS
104
V NATO's role in the reallocation of Soviet TLE
105
VI The High Level Working Group
105
VII A CIS Army or separate national armies?
108
VIII Entry into force
113
IX CIS attitudes to the CFE Treaty
114
PART IV Implementation 119
7 Implementation of the CFE Treaty: the cup half full
121
I Introduction
121
II The compliance regime
121
III The phases of inspection
122
IV Cascading: negative fall-out from CFE reductions
132
8 Implementation: the cup half empty – non-compliance with Article V
134
I Introduction
134
II Does rebus sic stantibus apply?
134
III Negotiating the zones, 1989-90
135
IV Russia requests treaty revisions
136
V Other Russian suggestions to solve the flank problem
139
VI Assessing the Russian case
141
VII Attitudes of the non-Russian state parties towards treaty revision
143
VIII Searching for a compromise
147
IX The impact of the war in Chechnya
148
PART V The need for treaty revisions 151
9 Treaty revisions and NATO enlargement: concluding the Flank Agreement, 1995-97
153
I Introduction
153
II Russian attitudes towards NATO enlargement
153
III NATO's response
155
IV Negotiations to revise the treaty
157
V The first CFE Review Conference
161
VI Ratification and entry into force of the Flank Document
163
10 Adapting the CFE Treaty to post-cold war Europe, 1997-99
166
I Introduction
166
II Background to the Russian proposals
166
III Negotiating the mandate for the adaptation talks
167
IV Hopes and fears about treaty adaptation
169
V The opening NATO position
173
VI The Russian position
175
VII Closing the gap?
176
VIII Highlights of the Agreement on Adaptation
187
11 Whither the Adapted CFE Treaty under President Putin?
191
I Introduction
191
II Putin's imperial tendency
191
III Russian compliance with ACFE still problematic
205
IV Russia ratifies ACFE Treaty despite NATO enlargement
208
V NATO ratification awaits Russian compliance with host nation consent
211
12 Conclusions
216
I Introduction
216
II Changes in Russia—Europe relations
219
III Adjusting and adapting the CFE treaty
227
IV Confidence building aspects of the CFE regime
229
V Confidence eroding aspects of the CFE regime
230
VI Conclusions
232
Appendix I Parity Regained 235
Appendix II Parity Lost 238
Notes 243
Index 281


Jane M. O. Sharp is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Defence Studies in the International Policy Institute, Kings College London. She was formerly Senior Researcher at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and from 19982003 served as the British representative on the UN Secretary Generals Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.
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